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1. Decadal Modulation of the ENSO–Indian Ocean Basin Warming Relationship during the Decaying Summer by the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation

   https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0457.1  

   Liu, Fangyu ; Zhang, Wenjun ; Jin, Fei-Fei ; Hu, Suqiong ( April 2021 , Journal of Climate)

   null (Ed.)

   Abstract Many previous studies have shown that an Indian Ocean basin warming (IOBW) occurs usually during El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) decaying spring to summer seasons through modifying the equatorial zonal circulation. Decadal modulation associated with the interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO) is further investigated here to understand the nonstationary ENSO–IOBW relationship during ENSO decaying summer (July–September). During the positive IPO phase, significant warm sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are observed over the tropical Indian Ocean in El Niño decaying summers and vice versa for La Niña events, while these patterns are not well detected in the negative IPO phase. Different decaying speeds of ENSO associated with the IPO phase, largely controlled by both zonal advective and thermocline feedbacks, are suggested to be mainly responsible for these different ENSO–IOBW relationships. In contrast to ENSO events in the negative IPO phase, the ones in the positive IPO phase display a slower decaying speed and delay their transitions both from a warm to a cold state and a cold to a warm state. The slower decay of El Niño and La Niña thereby helps to sustain the teleconnection forcing over the equatorial Indian Ocean and corresponding SST anomalies there can persist into summer. This IPO modulation of the ENSO–IOBW relationship carries important implications for the seasonal prediction of the Indian Ocean SST anomalies and associated summer climate anomalies. 

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2. A Holocene record of Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)-related hydrologic variability in Southern California (Lake Elsinore, CA)

   https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-010-9454-0  

   Kirby, M. E. ; Lund, S. P. ; Patterson, W. P. ; Anderson, M. A. ; Bird, B. W. ; Ivanovici, L. ; Monarrez, P. ; Nielsen, S. ( October 2010 , Journal of Paleolimnology)

   High-resolution terrestrial records of Holocene climate from Southern California are scarce. Moreover, there are no records of Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) variability, a major driver of decadal to multi-decadal climate variability for the region, older than 1,000 years. Recent research on Lake Elsinore, however, has shown that the lake’s sediments hold excellent potential for paleoenvironmental analysis and reconstruction. New 1-cm contiguous grain size data reveal a more complex Holocene climate history for Southern California than previously recognized at the site. A modern comparison between the twentieth century PDO index, lake level change, San Jacinto River discharge, and percent sand suggests that sand content is a reasonable, qualitative proxy for PDO-related, hydrologic variability at both multi-decadal-to-centennial as well as event (i.e. storm) timescales. A depositional model is proposed to explain the sand-hydrologic proxy. The sand-hydrologic proxy data reveal nine centennial-scale intervals of wet and dry climate throughout the Holocene. Percent total sand values >1.5 standard deviation above the 150–9,700 cal year BP average are frequent between 9,700 and 3,200 cal year BP (n = 41), but they are rare from 3,200 to 150 cal year BP (n = 6). This disparity is interpreted as a change in the frequency of exceptionally wet (high discharge) years and/or changes in large storm activity. A comparison to other regional hydrologic proxies (10 sites) shows more then occasional similarities across the region (i.e. 6 of 9 Elsinore wet intervals are present at >50% of the comparison sites). Only the early Holocene and the Little Ice Age intervals, however, are interpreted consistently across the region as uniformly wet (≥80% of the comparison sites). A comparison to two ENSO reconstructions indicates little, if any, correlation to the Elsinore data, suggesting that ENSO variability is not the predominant forcing of Holocene climate in Southern California. 

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3. Pacific Decadal Oscillation Influences Tropical Oxygen Minimum Zone Extent and Obscures Anthropogenic Changes

   https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL102123  

   Poupon, Mathieu A. ; Resplandy, Laure ; Lévy, Marina ; Bopp, Laurent ( April 2023 , Geophysical Research Letters)
4. The climate of Myanmar: evidence for effects of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation: MYANMAR CLIMATE AND PDO

   https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3995  

   D'Arrigo, Rosanne ; Ummenhofer, Caroline C. ( March 2015 , International Journal of Climatology)
5. Impact of Changing Winds on the Mauna Loa CO 2 Seasonal Cycle in Relation to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation

   https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035892  

   Jin, Yuming ; Keeling, Ralph F. ; Rödenbeck, Christian ; Patra, Prabir K. ; Piper, Stephen C. ; Schwartzman, Armin ( July 2022 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres)