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The predictive monitoring problem asks whether a deployed system is likely to fail over the next T seconds under some environmental conditions. This problem is of the utmost importance for cyber-physical systems, and has inspired real-time architectures capable of adapting to such failures upon forewarning. In this paper, we present a linear model-predictive scheme for the real-time monitoring of linear systems governed by time-triggered controllers and time-varying disturbances. The scheme uses a combination of offline (advance) and online computations to decide if a given plant model has entered a state from which no matter what control is applied, the disturbance has a strategy to drive the system to an unsafe region. Our approach is independent of the control strategy used: this allows us to deal with plants that are controlled using model-predictive control techniques or even opaque machine-learning based control algorithms that are hard to reason with using existing reachable set estimation algorithms. Our online computation reuses the symbolic reachable sets computed offline. The real-time monitor instantiates the reachable set with a concrete state estimate, and repeatedly performs emptiness checks with respect to a safety property. We classify the various alarms raised by our approach in terms of what they imply about the system as a whole. We implement our real-time monitoring approach over numerous linear system benchmarks and show that the computation can be performed rapidly in practice. Furthermore, we also examine the alarms reported by our approach and show how some of the alarms can be used to improve the controller.
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Separation of learning and control for cyber-physical systems
Most cyber–physical systems (CPS) encounter a large volume of data which is added to the system gradually in real time and not altogether in advance. In this paper, we provide a theoretical framework that yields optimal control strategies for such CPS at the intersection of control theory and learning. In the proposed framework, we use the actual CPS, i.e., the ‘‘true" system that we seek to optimally control online, in parallel with a model of the CPS that is available. We then institute an information state for the system which does not depend on the control strategy. An important consequence of this independence is that for any given choice of a control strategy and a realization of the system’s variables until time t, the information states at future times do not depend on the choice of the control strategy at time t but only on the realization of the decision at time t, and thus they are related to the concept of separation between estimation of the state and control. Namely, the future information states are separated from the choice of the current control strategy. Such control strategies are called separated control strategies. Hence, we can derive offline the optimal control strategy of the system with respect to the information state, which might not be precisely known due to model uncertainties or complexity of the system, and then use standard learning approaches to learn the information state online while data are added gradually to the system in real time. We show that after the information state becomes known, the separated control strategy of the CPS model derived offline is optimal for the actual system. We illustrate the proposed framework in a dynamic system consisting of two subsystems with a delayed sharing information structure.
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- PAR ID:
- 10421256
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Automatica
- Volume:
- 151
- Issue:
- 110912
- ISSN:
- 0005-1098
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.automatica.2023.110912
