A multigene phylogenetic assessment of North American species of Mallocybe is presented based on
analyses of rpb1, rpb2, ITS, and 28S rDNA nucleotide data. This framework enables a systematic revision of the genus
for 16 eastern North American species and captures taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity in a global context. A
grade of two unusual and poorly known North American species stems from the most recent common ancestor of
the genus that gives rise to three core subgroups named here as clades Unicolores, Nothosperma, and Mallocybe.
The grade of taxa includes the poorly known Lepista praevillosa from Florida and a new species from the southern
Appalachians, M. montana, both of which appear to be narrow-range endemics. Clade Nothosperma is characterized
by Australian and New Zealand species, whereas clade Unicolores is composed of six species from eastern North
America and East Asia. Clade Mallocybe is dominated by numerous north temperate taxa and constitutes the sister
group to clade Nothosperma. These major clades are distinguished by a combination of phylogeny, morphology,
geographic distribution, and ecology. In addition, four North American species are described as new: M. leucothrix,
M. luteobasis, M. montana, and M. tomentella. Several names originating in North America, long ignored or
misunderstood in the literature, are revitalized and established by type comparisons and modern reference material
collected from or near type localities. In addition, 11 species were subjected to mass spectrometry muscarine assays,
none of which contained detectable amounts of muscarine except for two: M. sabulosa and M. praevillosa. This
confirms a diffuse phylogenetic distribution of muscarine within the genus. Taxonomic descriptions are presented
for 16 species, several synonymies proposed, and four new combinations made. A key to species of eastern North
American Mallocybe is presented, along with illustrations of important diagnostic features.
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Biodiversity and Phylogeny of North Atlantic Euphrosinidae (Annelida)
Euphrosinidae (Amphinomida) is a clade of generally small, short but stout annelids characterized by long, calcareous chaetae that may be distally forked or ringent. Little is known about the diversity of Euphrosinidae from the North Atlantic and the phylogeny of the group has received little attention. Here, we examined 59 specimens of Euphrosinidae (primarily from the IceAGE I and II cruises) and sequenced fragments of the mitochondrial 16S rDNA and nuclear 28S rDNA genes to improve understanding of euphrosinid diversity in the North Atlantic and gain insights into euphrosinid phylogeny. Maximum likelihood analysis of 28S + 16S recovered Euphrosine as a ‘basal’ paraphyletic grade; a clade containing E. armadillo (plus other unidentified specimens) was sister to Euphrosinopsis + Euphrosinella while a clade containing E. aurantiaca and E. foliosa (plus three unidentified species) was recovered sister to all other sampled Euphrosinidae species. Species delimitation analyses based on 16S sequences identified between 14 and 11 species of Euphrosinidae with as many as ten distinct species from the North Atlantic. The IceAGE material investigated includes one new species of Euphrosinopsis and at least one new species of Euphrosinella. Unfortunately, because most of this material was preserved in ethanol, we were unable to characterize key features needed for adequate species descriptions. Additionally, PCR contaminants from presumed gut contents suggest that some euphrosinids eat other annelids, namely Cirratulidae and Syllidae.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1846174
- PAR ID:
- 10424840
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Diversity
- Volume:
- 14
- Issue:
- 11
- ISSN:
- 1424-2818
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 996
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.3390/d14110996
