The Mongol-Okhotsk suture in NE Mongolia and SE Russia is the last vestige of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean, a basin that separated the Siberian from the North China Craton. Although the exact location of the suture is cryptic and the timing and kinematics of closure remains debated, magmatism north and south of the suture zone provide insight into the characteristics of the subduction system during the closure of this ocean. Magmatic provinces recording pre-, syn- and post-collisional processes (and potentially deeper mantle sources) along the Mongol Okhotsk Belt were emplaced from the Permian to Jurassic. Our compilation of geochemical, isotopic, and geochronologic data from 51 published studies shows that the age of peak magmatism and subsequent magmatic lull decreases eastward. We interpret this to record a shift in the locus of collision as the ocean zipped close. Most mafic rocks within the suture zone show the influence of lower crustal components and both spinel and garnet peridotites in the source. However, with one exception, their compositions are generally not consistent with a depleted mantle source (usually associated with MgO-TiO2-rich, isotopically fertile, and OIB components). Additionally, although significant geochemical variability due to crustal petrogenetic processes is observed, the data show a ubiquitous subduction signature characterized by enrichment in large ion lithophile elements, light rare earth elements, and La/Nb ratios, as well as by depletion in high field strength elements and heavy rare earth elements. We interpret the consistent peraluminous nature of the magmatic rocks before, during, and after collision, together with their crust-like Nb/U content, high (Th/Yb)/(Ba/La) and (Th/Nb)/(Ba/Nb) ratios, to reflect the strong influence of sediment melts throughout the collision process. This requires not only unusually high geothermal gradients (ca. 200 °C higher than a normal mantle wedge) that can partially melt sedimentary rocks along the whole subduction system, but also persistence of underplated, assimilated, and/or metasomatically incorporated sediments in the magma source during the continental closure. Together, the compiled data paint a picture of a sediment-rich magmatic engine above a hot, dynamic, subduction system with largely intact slabs.
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New Insights into Early Cretaceous Extension in Northern Mongolia
The late Mesozoic Era was a time of widespread crustal extension in eastern Asia resulting in both rift basin and metamorphic core complex formation. Two of the more recently documented examples of this extensional phase are the Ereendavaa and Buteel metamorphic core complexes (EMCC, BMCC). Both are located in northern Mongolia proximal to the Mongol Okhotsk Suture Zone (MOSZ). The MOSZ is a profound, yet enigmatic structure that formed due to closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean, a basin that separated the Siberian and North China cratons and intervening terranes of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Based on published work by others, the core complexes record NW-SE extension, cooling and deformation from c. 135 to 120 Ma. We present new data as part of a collaborative research project that aims to constrain the evolution of the MOSZ more broadly and its relationship to intracontinental deformation after suturing. Our methods include analysis of satellite imagery and digital elevation models with synthesis of field, (micro)structural, and geochronologic data with published maps and studies. Based on our findings, the EMCC likely extends several 10's of km to the NE. Satellite imagery and DEMs suggest large-scale corrugations along the N-flank consistent with NW-SE extension. To the SW of the EMCC, Early Cretaceous rift basins are associated with strong NE-SW oriented lineaments. We examined the BMCC along its SW mapped extent, an area for which no data were presented in prior publications; we confirmed the presence of a top-to-the-SE detachment fault. The EMCC and BMCC, like the Yagan-Onch Hayrhan MCC in southern Mongolia, have footwall rocks previously mapped as Precambrian that are, in large part, metamorphosed Paleozoic and Mesozoic igneous and sedimentary rocks. All three MCCs exhibit evidence for structural complexity, such as NE-SW trending lineations orthogonal to the NW-SE extension direction. As in S Mongolia, we hypothesize that the NE-SW lineations in the EMCC and BMCC formed during an earlier phase of shortening. The expression of the Early Cretaceous extension (rift basin vs. MCC) appears to be controlled by the inherited structure.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1917640
- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10430742
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- EOS Transactions American Geophysical Union
- Volume:
- 2022
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- T22D-0135
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Abstract The Pollino Massif is the most southeastern outcrop of the Apennine core. It marks the transition between Apenninic shortening and extension, respectively, SE and NW of the massif and is also the cusp of a southeastward plunge that characterizes the submerged Apennines. The SE limit of NE‐SW extension merges with the east limit of Tyrrhenian extension in Calabria. This strategic position is expected to transition southeastward in the progressive oblique collision of the Calabrian forearc and Apulia. We test this hypothesis using published results and new field data. The time‐transgressive emergence of basins on the Apennine thrust wedge is quantitatively consistent with the ESE rollback of the Calabrian arc. Specifically, a thrust‐normal slip reversal on a SW dipping fault is responsible for the tectonic collapse that lead to the Mercure Basin along strike NW of the Pollino Massif and to an east‐to‐west reversal of drainage. This reversal is timed by an intermediate stage of trapped internal drainage with Mid‐Pleistocene lacustrine sedimentation, but it may young to SE as the normal displacement on the border fault decreases gradually to SE and vanishes near the apex of the massif. On the SE side of the massif, contractional tectonics persists at least into the Mid‐Pleistocene and likely later, while NE‐SW extension is absent. Prominent normal faults in that area accommodate range‐parallel extension and are coupled with the thrust faults. The combination of longitudinal extension with a counterclockwise rotation of hanging‐wall units and thrust directivity can account for the final setting in the Apennines.
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