skip to main content
US FlagAn official website of the United States government
dot gov icon
Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
https lock icon
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( lock ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.


Title: Reconciling critical zone science with ecosystem and soil science—a personal-scientist perspective
The critical zone has been the subject of much discussion and debate as a term in the ecosystem, soil and earth system science communities, and there is a need to reconcile how this term is used within these disciplines. I suggest that much like watershed and soil ecosystems, the critical zone is an ecosystem and is defined by deeper spatial and temporal boundaries to study its structure and function. Critical zone science, however, expands the scope of ecosystem and soil science and more fully embraces the integration of earth sciences, ecology, and hydrology to understand key mechanisms driving critical zone functions in a place-based setting. This integration of multiple perspectives and expertise is imperative to make new discoveries at the interface of these disciplines. I offer solid examples highlighting how critical zone science as an integrative science contributes to ecosystem and soil sciences and exemplify this emerging field.  more » « less
Award ID(s):
2012878
PAR ID:
10436889
Author(s) / Creator(s):
Date Published:
Journal Name:
Frontiers in Water
Volume:
5
ISSN:
2624-9375
Format(s):
Medium: X
Sponsoring Org:
National Science Foundation
More Like this
  1. Long-term environmental research networks are one approach to advancing local, regional, and global environmental science and education. A remarkable number and wide variety of environmental research networks operate around the world today. These are diverse in funding, infrastructure, motivating questions, scientific strengths, and the sciences that birthed and maintain the networks. Some networks have individual sites that were selected because they had produced invaluable long-term data, while other networks have new sites selected to span ecological gradients. However, all long-term environmental networks share two challenges. Networks must keep pace with scientific advances and interact with both the scientific community and society at large. If networks fall short of successfully addressing these challenges, they risk becoming irrelevant. The objective of this paper is to assert that the biogeosciences offer environmental research networks a number of opportunities to expand scientific impact and public engagement. We explore some of these opportunities with four networks: the International Long-Term Ecological Research Network programs (ILTERs), critical zone observatories (CZOs), Earth and ecological observatory networks (EONs), and the FLUXNET program of eddy flux sites. While these networks were founded and expanded by interdisciplinary scientists, the preponderance of expertise and funding has gravitated activities of ILTERs and EONs toward ecology and biology, CZOs toward the Earth sciences and geology, and FLUXNET toward ecophysiology and micrometeorology. Our point is not to homogenize networks, nor to diminish disciplinary science. Rather, we argue that by more fully incorporating the integration of biology and geology in long-term environmental research networks, scientists can better leverage network assets, keep pace with the ever-changing science of the environment, and engage with larger scientific and public audiences. 
    more » « less
  2. null (Ed.)
    Soil science is one of the least diverse subdisciplines within the agricultural, earth, and natural sciences. Representation within soil science does not currently reflect demographic trends in the U.S. We synthesize available data on the representation of historically marginalized groups in soil science in the U.S. and identify historical mechanisms contributing to these trends. We review education and employment information within academic and the federal government, land-grant university participation, and available Soil Science Society of America (SSSA) membership data to gain insight into the current state of representation within soil sciences and implications for the future of this discipline. Across all domains of diversity, historically marginalized groups are underrepresented in soil science. We provide recommendations toward recognizing diversity within the field, improving and encouraging diversity within the SSSA, and suggested responses for both individuals and institutions toward improving diversity, equity, and inclusion. 
    more » « less
  3. null (Ed.)
    Soil science is one of the least diverse subdisciplines within the agricultural, earth, and natural sciences. Representation within soil science does not currently reflect demographic trends in the United States. We synthesize available data on the repre- sentation of historically marginalized groups in soil science in the United States and identify historical mechanisms contributing to these trends. We review education and employment information within academia and the federal government, land-grant university participation, and available Soil Science Society of America (SSSA) mem- bership data to gain insight into the current state of representation within soil sciences and implications for the future of this discipline. Across all domains of diversity, historically marginalized groups are under-represented in soil science. We provide recommendations toward recognizing diversity within the field and improving and encouraging diversity within the SSSA, and suggested responses for both individuals and institutions toward improving diversity, equity, and inclusion. 
    more » « less
  4. A goal common to several disciplines within earth and life sciences is to understand how earth processes and abiotic conditions shape the diversification and distribution of species on our planet. To develop a mechanistic and detailed understanding of these relationships across taxonomic-geographic settings should inform a set of boundary conditions that describe the geologic and climatic conditions under which new biodiversity is generated along with the organismal traits (e.g., generation time, dispersal ability) that govern why species vary in their evolutionary responses to the same external influences. However, earth and life sciences each encompass a set of highly complex and sometimes nested relationships. This presents a need for new ways to guide the integration of domain knowledge across these complex systems in a way that can generate new hypotheses, facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration, and shape earth-life theory moving forward. Here, I outline the use of causal structures, which are a set of tools to diagram cause-effect relationships at different levels of detail (specification) that include structural equation meta models (SEMMs), causal diagrams (CDs), and structural equation models (SEMs). I will give examples of how to use SEMMs and CDs to detail earth-life relationships, what we can learn from doing so, and pose a way for how we might quantify these relationships. I hope to demonstrate the usefulness and applicability of thinking about earth-life systems within a causal framework, and speculate about temporal dynamics and the potential for abiotic-to-biotic causal thresholds that may occur over time in different earth-life systems. 
    more » « less
  5. We appear to be at a shining moment for interactions between soils and society. Popular interest in soils has increased along with interests in urban gardening, carbon sequestration, recognition of the vast biodiversity in soils, and the realisation that soils are a finite resource whose degradation has serious consequences. This increase in interest creates both opportunities and challenges for soil science. While there is great potential for increasing the diversity of people involved with soil science, key scientific and communication challenges need to be addressed for interactions between soils and society to be useful and productive. Here, I present case study issues on the mechanisms and limitations of carbon sequestration in soils and the need to restore and/or create new soils for specific uses, including urban agriculture and green infrastructure, to illustrate the opportunities and challenges associated with new societal interest in soil science. Addressing these issues requires advances in both basic and applied science, new participatory approaches to the design, execution, and interpretation of research, collaboration with multiple disciplines, including the social sciences, and improvements in the two‐way flow of information between science and society. Careful attention to these issues will attract new people to soil science, advance awareness of the importance of and threats to soils across the globe, and produce improvements in the quality of life for diverse human populations. 
    more » « less