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1. Moisture Sources and Rainfall δ18O Variability over the Central Andes of Peru—A Case Study from the Mantaro River Basin

   https://doi.org/10.3390/w15101867  

   Apaéstegui, James ; Romero, Carol ; Vuille, Mathias ; Sulca, Juan ; Ampuero, Angela ( May 2023 , Water)

   The Mantaro River Basin is one of the most important regions in the central Peruvian Andes in terms of hydropower generation and agricultural production. Contributions to better understanding of the climate and hydrological dynamics are vital for this region and constitute key information to support regional water security and socioeconomic resilience. This study presents eight years of monthly isotopic precipitation information (δ18O, Dxs) collected in the Mantaro River Basin. The isotopic signals were evaluated in terms of moisture sources, including local and regional climatic parameters, to interpret their variability at monthly and interannual timescales. It is proposed that the degree of rainout upstream and the transport history of air masses, also related to regional atmospheric features, are the main factors influencing the δ18O variability. Moreover, significant correlations with precipitation amount and relative humidity imply that local processes in this region of the Andes also exert important control over isotopic variability. Two extreme regional climate events (the 2010 drought and the 2017 coastal El Niño) were evaluated to determine how regional atmospheric circulation affects the rainfall isotope variability. Based on these results, recommendations for hydroclimate studies and paleoclimate reconstructions are proposed in the context of the Mantaro River Basin. This study intends to encourage new applications considering geochemical evidence for hydrological studies over the central Andean region. 

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2. Riparian Evapotranspiration (ET) Study (SEON) from the Middle Rio Grande River Bosque, New Mexico (1999-2011 ): Soil Thermal Flux, Temperature and Moisture Data

   https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/3ae2cbbab385383fddc1611184748811  

   Dahm, Clifford ; Thibault, Jim ( January 2016 , Environmental Data Initiative)
3. Moisture source variations for summer rainfall in different intensity classes over Huaihe River Valley, China

   https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05762-4  

   Liu, Yubo ; Zhang, Chi ; Tang, Qiuhong ; Hosseini-Moghari, Seyed-Mohammad ; Haile, Gebremedhin Gebremeskel ; Li, Laifang ; Li, Wenhong ; Yang, Kun ; van der Ent, Ruud J. ; Chen, Deliang ( August 2021 , Climate Dynamics)
4. Seasonal shifts in the solute ion ratios of vadose zone rock moisture from the Eel River Critical Zone Observatory

   https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-017-0169-z  

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5. The Amazon and La Plata River Basins as Moisture Sources of South America: Climatology and Intraseasonal Variability

   https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035455  

   Chug, Divyansh ; Dominguez, Francina ; Yang, Zhao ( June 2022 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres)

   Land‐atmosphere interactions are critical for precipitation (PPT) over South America where terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) constitutes a significant fraction of moisture for rainfall over the ecologically and socio‐economically vital Amazon (AMZ) and La Plata (LPB) river basins. We quantify the contribution of ET from AMZ and LPB to PPT over the continent with a focus on the intraseasonal time scale. Using numerical water tracers embedded in the Weather Research and Forecasting model we track the moisture originating from the two basins. Our findings indicate that approximately 40% of annual rainfall over the eastern foothills of the Andes originates as AMZ ET, and nearly 30% of rainfall over northern Argentina originates as LPB ET. Analysis of moisture transport during both phases of the dominant intraseasonal oscillation pattern over South America reveals an intraseasonal “sloshing” of LPB moisture between the South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ) and southeastern South America (SESA) regions. AMZ and LPB each supply approximately 6% of moisture for SACZ PPT during periods of intraseasonal enhancement (positive anomalies), highlighting the importance of moisture from the Atlantic Ocean. For the SESA region, LPB supplies 26% of the moisture for PPT during periods of intraseasonal enhancement while AMZ supplies 5%.

    

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