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1. Objective and Subjective Intraindividual Variability in Sleep: Predisposing Factors and Health Consequences

   https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000001301  

   Gao, Chenlu; Scullin, Michael K (March 2024, Psychosomatic Medicine)

   We investigated the factors that predispose or precipitate greater intra-individual variability (IIV) in sleep. We further examined the potential consequences of IIV to overall sleep quality and health outcomes, including whether these relationships were found in both self-reported and actigraphy-measured sleep IIV. In Study 1, 699 US adults completed a Sleep Intra-Individual Variability questionnaire and self-reported psychosocial, sleep quality, and health outcomes. In Study 2, 100 university students wore actigraphy and completed psychosocial, sleep, and health surveys at multiple timepoints. In cross-sectional analyses that controlled for mean sleep duration, predisposing/precipitating factors to greater IIV were being an under-represented racial/ethnic minority, having greater stress or trait vulnerability to stress, and showing poorer time management. In addition, both studies showed that greater sleep IIV was associated with decreased overall sleep quality, independent of mean sleep duration. Concordance across subjective and objective IIV measures was modest and similar to concordance observed for subjective-objective mean sleep duration measures. Risk for irregular sleep patterns is increased in specific demographic groups and may be precipitated by, or contribute to, higher stress and time management inefficiencies. Irregular sleep may lead to poor sleep quality and adverse health outcomes, independent of mean sleep duration, underscoring the importance of addressing sleep consistency. 

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2. DREAM: Domain Invariant and Contrastive Representation for Sleep Dynamics

   https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDM54844.2022.00126  

   Lee, Seungyeon; Pham, Thai-Hoang; Zhang, Ping (November 2022, IEEE International Conference on Data Mining)

   Abstract—Sleep staging is a key challenge in diagnosing and treating sleep-related diseases due to its labor-intensive, time- consuming, costly, and error-prone. With the availability of large- scale sleep signal data, many deep learning methods are proposed for automatic sleep staging. However, these existing methods face several challenges including the heterogeneity of patients’ underlying health conditions and the difficulty modeling complex interactions between sleep stages. In this paper, we propose a neural network architecture named DREAM to tackle these is- sues for automatic sleep staging. DREAM consists of (i) a feature representation network that generates robust representations for sleep signals via the variational auto-encoder framework and contrastive learning and (ii) a sleep stage classification network that explicitly models the interactions between sleep stages in the sequential context at both feature representation and label classification levels via Transformer and conditional random field architectures. Our experimental results indicate that DREAM significantly outperforms existing methods for automatic sleep staging on three sleep signal datasets. 

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3. Unique transcriptional signatures of sleep loss across independently evolved cavefish populations

   https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.22949  

   McGaugh, Suzanne E.; Passow, Courtney N.; Jaggard, James Brian; Stahl, Bethany A.; Keene, Alex C. (April 2020, Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution)

   Abstract Animals respond to sleep loss with compensatory rebound sleep, and this is thought to be critical for the maintenance of physiological homeostasis. Sleep duration varies dramatically across animal species, but it is not known whether evolutionary differences in sleep duration are associated with differences in sleep homeostasis. The Mexican cavefish,Astyanax mexicanus, has emerged as a powerful model for studying the evolution of sleep. While eyed surface populations ofA. mexicanussleep approximately 8 hr each day, multiple blind cavefish populations have converged on sleep patterns that total as little as 2 hr each day, providing the opportunity to examine whether the evolution of sleep loss is accompanied by changes in sleep homeostasis. Here, we examine the behavioral and molecular response to sleep deprivation across four independent populations ofA. mexicanus. Our behavioral analysis indicates that surface fish and all three cavefish populations display robust recovery sleep during the day following nighttime sleep deprivation, suggesting sleep homeostasis remains intact in cavefish. We profiled transcriptome‐wide changes associated with sleep deprivation in surface fish and cavefish. While the total number of differentially expressed genes was not greater for the surface population, the surface population exhibited the highest number of uniquely differentially expressed genes than any other population. Strikingly, a majority of the differentially expressed genes are unique to individual cave populations, suggesting unique expression responses are exhibited across independently evolved cavefish populations. Together, these findings suggest sleep homeostasis is intact in cavefish despite a dramatic reduction in overall sleep duration. 

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4. Postprandial Sleep in Short‐Sleeping Mexican Cavefish

   https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.2880  

   Gallman, Kathryn; Rastogi, Aakriti; North, Owen; O'Gorman, Morgan; Hutton, Pierce; Lloyd, Evan; Warren, Wesley C; Kowalko, Johanna E; Duboue, Erik R; Rohner, Nicolas; et al (December 2024, Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological and Integrative Physiology)

   ABSTRACT Interactions between sleep and feeding behaviors are critical for adaptive fitness. Diverse species suppress sleep when food is scarce to increase the time spent foraging. Postprandial sleep, an increase in sleep time following a feeding event, has been documented in vertebrate and invertebrate animals. While interactions between sleep and feeding appear to be highly conserved, the evolution of postprandial sleep in response to changes in food availability remains poorly understood. Multiple populations of the Mexican cavefish,Astyanax mexicanus, have independently evolved sleep loss and increased food consumption compared to surface‐dwelling fish of the same species, providing the opportunity to investigate the evolution of interactions between sleep and feeding. Here, we investigate the effects of feeding on sleep in larval and adult surface fish, and in two parallelly evolved cave populations ofA. mexicanus. Larval surface and cave populations ofA. mexicanusincrease sleep immediately following a meal, providing the first evidence of postprandial sleep in a fish model. The amount of sleep was not correlated to meal size and occurred independently of feeding time. In contrast to larvae, postprandial sleep was not detected in adult surface or cavefish, which can survive for months without food. Together, these findings reveal that postprandial sleep is present in multiple short‐sleeping populations of cavefish, suggesting sleep‐feeding interactions are retained despite the evolution of sleep loss. These findings raise the possibility that postprandial sleep is critical for energy conservation and survival in larvae that are highly sensitive to food deprivation. 

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5. Postprandial sleep in short-sleeping Mexican cavefish

   https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.03.602003  

   Gallman, Kathryn; Rastogi, Aakriti; North, Owen; O’Gorman, Morgan; Hutton, Pierce; Lloyd, Evan; Warren, Wes; Kowalko, Johanna E; Duboue, Erik R; Rohner, Nicolas; et al (July 2024, bioRxiv)

   Abstract Interaction between sleep and feeding behaviors are critical for adaptive fitness. Diverse species suppress sleep when food is scarce to increase the time spent foraging. Post-prandial sleep, an increase in sleep time following a feeding event, has been documented in vertebrate and invertebrate animals. While interactions between sleep and feeding appear to be highly conserved, the evolution of postprandial sleep in response to changes in food availability remains poorly understood. Multiple populations of the Mexican cavefish,Astyanax mexicanus,have independently evolved sleep loss and increased food consumption compared to surface-dwelling fish of the same species, providing the opportunity to investigate the evolution of interactions between sleep and feeding. Here, we investigate effects of feeding on sleep in larval and adult surface fish, and two parallelly evolved cave populations ofA. mexicanus.Larval surface and cave populations ofA. mexicanusincrease sleep immediately following a meal, providing the first evidence of postprandial sleep in a fish model. The amount of sleep was not correlated to meal size and occurred independently of feeding time. In contrast to larvae, postprandial sleep was not detected in adult surface or cavefish, that can survive for months without food. Together, these findings reveal that postprandial sleep is present in multiple short-sleeping populations of cavefish, suggesting sleep-feeding interactions are retained despite the evolution of sleep loss. These findings raise the possibility that postprandial sleep is critical for energy conservation and survival in larvae that are highly sensitive to food deprivation. 

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