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Normal fibroblasts are present within the extracellular matrix (ECM). They can become activated, leading to increased proliferation and ECM protein secretion such as collagen type I to promote tissue remodeling. These cells are also involved in adult pathologies including cancer metastasis and cardiac and renal fibrosis. One source of activated fibroblasts is endothelial to mesenchymal transformation (EndMT), in which endothelial cells lose their cell–cell and cell–ECM adhesions, gain invasive properties, and become mesenchymal cells. While EndMT is well characterized in developmental biology, the mechanisms and functional role of EndMT in adult physiology and pathology have not been fully investigated. A microfluidic device with an incorporated three-dimensional ECM chamber was developed to study the role of combined steady fluid shear stress magnitudes and transforming growth factor-βeta 1 (TGF-β1) on EndMT. Low (1 dyne per cm 2 ) steady shear stress and TGF-β1 exposure induced EndMT in endothelial cells, including upregulation of mesenchymal protein and gene expression markers. Cells exposed to TGF-β1 and high (20 dynes per cm 2 ) steady shear stress did not undergo EndMT, and protein and gene expression of mesenchymal markers was significantly downregulated. Mesenchymally transformed cells under static conditions with and without TGF-β1 showed significantly more collagen production when compared to fluidic conditions. These results confirm that both low shear stress and TGF-β1 induce EndMT in endothelial cells, but this process can be prevented by exposure to physiologically relevant high shear stress. These results also show conditions most likely to cause tissue pathology.
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Extracellular Fluid Flow Induces Shallow Quiescence Through Physical and Biochemical Cues
The balance between cell quiescence and proliferation is fundamental to tissue physiology and homeostasis. Recent studies have shown that quiescence is not a passive and homogeneous state but actively maintained and heterogeneous. These cellular characteristics associated with quiescence were observed primarily in cultured cells under a static medium. However, cells in vivo face different microenvironmental conditions, particularly, under interstitial fluid flows distributed through extracellular matrices. Interstitial fluid flow exerts shear stress on cells and matrix strain, and results in continuous replacement of extracellular factors. In this study, we analyzed individual cells under varying fluid flow rates in microfluidic devices. We found quiescence characteristics previously identified under conventional static medium, including serum signal-dependant quiescence entry and exit and time-dependant quiescence deepening, are also present under continuous fluid flow. Furthermore, increasing the flow rate drives cells to shallower quiescence and become more likely to reenter the cell cycle upon growth stimulation. This effect is due to flow-induced physical and biochemical cues. Specifically, increasing shear stress or extracellular factor replacement individually, without altering other parameters, results in shallow quiescence. We show our experimental results can be quantitatively explained by a mathematical model connecting extracellular fluid flow to an Rb-E2f bistable switch that regulates the quiescence-to-proliferation transition. Our findings uncover a previously unappreciated mechanism that likely underlies the heterogeneous responses of quiescent cells for tissue repair and regeneration in different physiological tissue microenvironments.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2016035
- PAR ID:
- 10448912
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
- Volume:
- 10
- ISSN:
- 2296-634X
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2022.792719
