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ObjectivesMicrointeraction-based Ecological Momentary Assessment (micro-EMA) is a smartwatch-based tool that delivers single-question surveys, enabling respondents to quickly report their real-time experiences. The objectives of the two studies presented here were to evaluate micro-EMA's psychometric characteristics and feasibility across three response formats (2-point, 5-point, and 10-point scales) for adults with hearing loss. DesignIn the first study, thirty-two participants completed a dual-task experiment aimed at assessing the construct validity, responsiveness, intrusiveness, and test-retest reliability of micro-EMA across the three response formats. Participants listened to sentences at five signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) ranging from −3 to 9 dB relative to the SNR for 50% speech understanding, answered the question “Hearing well?” on smartwatches, and repeated the sentences. In the second study, twenty-one participants wore smartwatches over 6 days. Every 15 min, participants were prompted to answer the question “Hearing well?” using one of the three response formats for 2 days. Participants provided feedback on their experience with micro-EMA. ResultsIn the dual-task experiment, participants reported improved hearing performance in micro-EMA as SNRs and speech recognition scores increased across all three response formats, supporting the tool's construct validity. Statistical models indicated that the 5-point and 10-point scales yielded larger relative changes between SNRs, suggesting higher responsiveness, compared to the 2-point scale. Participants completed surveys significantly faster with the 2-point scale, indicating lower intrusiveness, compared to the 5-point and 10-point scales. Correlation analysis revealed that over two visits 1 week apart, the 2-point scale had the poorest test-retest reliability, while the 5-point scale had the highest. In the field trial, participants completed 79.6% of the prompted surveys, with each participant averaging 42.9 surveys per day. Although participants experienced interruptions due to frequent prompts, annoyance and distraction levels were low. Most participants preferred the 5-point scale. ConclusionsThe dual-task experiment suggested that micro-EMA using the 5-point scale demonstrated superior psychometric characteristics compared to the 2-point and 10-point scales at the tested SNRs. The field trial further supported its feasibility for evaluating hearing performance in adults with hearing loss. Additional research is needed to explore the potential applications of micro-EMA in audiology research.
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Confrontation as an interpersonal response to ostracism
Abstract Ostracism—being ignored and excluded by others—has detrimental effects on targets. Confrontation allows targets to express displeasure with mistreatment. Three studies examined confrontation in response to ostracism. In Study 1, participants completed an ostracism manipulation, Cyberball, and were given the opportunity to message their ostracizers. Message coding indicated that one‐third of targets wrote messages expressing unhappiness with how they were treated, significantly more than included participants. In Studies 2 and 3, participants completed Cyberball before random assignment to a distraction, writing, or confrontation task. Analysis of need‐recovery indicated that the distraction consistently improved need‐satisfaction and affective recovery between the immediate and delayed measurements. Results provided mixed support regarding the effectiveness of confrontation in coping with ostracism; however, no significant changes in need satisfaction were seen for those in the writing condition. In sum, distraction is a response to ostracism that may improve the recovery of depleted need‐satisfaction following ostracism better than confrontation.
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- PAR ID:
- 10449547
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- European Journal of Social Psychology
- Volume:
- 51
- Issue:
- 3
- ISSN:
- 0046-2772
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- p. 436-449
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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