The outcome of the ongoing biodiversity crisis depends on the capacity of the Earth’s wildlife to persist in working landscapes. Yet, the species that occupy working landscapes are often distinct from those in protected areas, with a large group of “sensitive species” thought to rarely venture into human‐dominated landscapes. As governments have committed to restoring degraded lands world‐wide, determining whether and how working landscapes can be restored to benefit sensitive species remains a major challenge. We surveyed Neotropical birds across Northwestern Costa Rica in protected areas, farms and forests embedded within working landscapes. We analysed community composition to understand how gradients of forest cover, fragmentation and regional precipitation determine how conserving (or restoring) tropical forests in working landscapes could safeguard entire communities, especially sensitive species with limited ranges. We found agricultural sites maintained relatively high bird diversity but hosted very distinct communities from those found in protected areas. The average range size of species found in agricultural communities was double the size of species in protected areas. However, high forest cover sites in working landscapes housed bird communities with small range sizes that were equivalent to those in nearby protected areas, despite being twice as fragmented and significantly more disturbed. The effect of local forest cover on bird composition was contingent on both landscape context and regional climate. When local forest cover increased in wetter regions and more forested landscapes, bird communities in working landscapes exhibited a stronger shift towards the assemblages found in protected areas. Specifically, we found that reforesting the wettest sites would increase similarity to protected areas fourfold compared to only a twofold increase in the driest sites.
Forests are being converted to agriculture throughout the Afrotropics, driving declines in sensitive rainforest taxa such as understorey birds. The ongoing expansion of cocoa agriculture, a common small‐scale farming commodity, has contributed to the loss of 80% rainforest cover in some African countries. African cocoa farms may provide habitat for biodiversity, yet little is known about their suitability for vertebrate fauna, or the effect of farm management on animal communities. Here, we report the first in‐depth investigation into avian diversity and community composition in African cocoa, by assembling a dataset of 9,566 individual birds caught across 83 sites over 30 years in Southern Cameroon. We compared bird diversity in mature forest and cocoa using measures of alpha, beta and gamma diversity, and we investigated the effect of cocoa farm shade and forest cover on bird communities. Gamma diversity was higher in cocoa than forest, though alpha diversity was similar, indicating a higher dissimilarity (beta diversity) between cocoa farms. Cocoa farms differed from forest in community composition, with a distinctive decrease in relative abundance of insectivores, forest specialists and ant‐followers and an increase in frugivores. Within cocoa farms, we found that farms with high shade cover in forested landscapes resulted in higher relative abundance and richness of sensitive forest species; shady farms contained up to five times the proportion of forest specialists than sunny farms.
- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10450951
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley-Blackwell
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Applied Ecology
- Volume:
- 58
- Issue:
- 6
- ISSN:
- 0021-8901
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- p. 1237-1247
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Abstract Synthesis and applications. Despite experiencing much more fragmentation and degradation than protected areas, forests in Costa Rican working landscapes can maintain bird communities that strongly resemble those found in protected areas. This suggests that conserving or restoring forests in working landscapes, particularly within wetter regions and already forested landscapes, may safeguard bird communities when creating protected areas is infeasible. -
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Abstract The Dominican Republic is experiencing increased forest loss due to the expansion of avocado farming. While agricultural lands can provide viable habitat for birds, knowledge of avian use of avocado farms relative to native forest is limited. We conducted surveys in fall 2021 to compare the bird communities and vegetation complexity of two avocado farm sites and two native dry forest sites in the northern Sierra de Bahoruco region of the Dominican Republic to assess avian habitat use. Overall, we found that habitat associations differed for bird species distinguished by contrasting geographic ranges. In particular, the abundance, richness, and diversity of bird species endemic to Hispaniola were significantly greater in forests than in farms, while non-endemic resident bird species had the opposite habitat associations. The abundance, richness, and diversity of Neotropical migrants exhibited fewer distinct differences between farm and forest sites. Vegetation structural complexity was reduced in avocado farms relative to forests and was positively associated with the abundance, richness, and diversity of endemic bird species but negatively associated with these community measures of non-endemic resident species. Collectively, our findings suggest that avocado farms could provide viable habitat for non-endemic resident and migrant bird species, but that endemic species could be negatively impacted by an increase in avocado farming in the region. We offer recommendations for forest preservation, farming practices, and future research that could help to inform the conservation of endemic species in the region. 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En general, observamos diferencias entre las asociaciones de hábitats de las especies de aves con distribuciones geográficas distintas. En particular, la abundancia, riqueza y diversidad de especies de aves endémicas de La Española fueron significativamente mayores en los bosques que en las granjas; mientras que las especies de aves residentes no endémicas mostraron asociaciones de hábitat opuestas. La abundancia, riqueza y diversidad de las aves migratorias neotropicales exhibieron menos diferencias entre las granjas y los bosques. La complejidad estructural de la vegetación se redujo en las granjas de aguacate en relación con los bosques y tuvo una correlación positiva con la abundancia, riqueza y diversidad de aves endémicas, pero negativa con las mismas medidas comunitarias de especies residentes no endémicas. En conjunto, nuestros resultados sugieren que los cultivos de aguacate podrían proporcionar un hábitat adecuado para aves residentes no endémicas y migratorias; mientras que las especies endémicas podrían verse afectadas negativamente por un aumento de estos cultivos en la región. Por último, proporcionamos recomendaciones para la conservación de los bosques, prácticas agrícolas y futuras investigaciones que podrían contribuir a la conservación de las aves endémicas de esta región. Palabras clave agricultura, aves migratorias neotropicales, cambio de uso de suelo, conservación de aves, especies endémicas, República Dominicana, uso de hábitat Résumé Utilisation par les oiseaux des plantations d’avocatiers et des forêts non exploitées dans le nord de la Sierra de Bahoruco, en République dominicaine • En République dominicaine, la forêt indigène est en régression en raison de l’augmentation de la culture des avocatiers. 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L’abondance, la richesse et la diversité des migrateurs néotropicaux présentaient moins de différences distinctes entre les milieux agricoles et forestiers. La complexité de la structure de la végétation était plus faible dans les plantations d’avocatiers que dans les forêts, et était positivement corrélée à l’abondance, à la richesse et à la diversité des espèces d’oiseaux endémiques, mais négativement corrélée à ces mesures pour les communautés d’espèces sédentaires non endémiques. Dans l’ensemble, nos résultats semblent indiquer que les plantations d’avocatiers pourraient constituer un habitat viable pour les espèces d’oiseaux sédentaires et migrateurs non endémiques, mais que les espèces endémiques pourraient être affectées négativement par une augmentation de ces cultures dans la région. 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Abstract Although savanna woody encroachment has become a global phenomenon, relatively little is known about its effects on multiple dimensions and levels of savanna biodiversity.
Using a combination of field surveys, a species‐level phylogeny, and functional metrics drawn from a morphological dataset, we evaluated how the progressive increase in tree cover in a fire‐suppressed savanna landscape affects the taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of neotropical ant communities, at both the alpha and beta levels. Ants were sampled along an extensive tree cover gradient, ranging from open savannas to forests established in former savanna areas.
Variation in tree cover had a significant influence on all facets of diversity at the beta level, whereas at the alpha level tree cover variation affected the taxonomic and functional but not the phylogenetic diversity of the ant communities.
In general, ant community responses to variation in tree cover were largely non‐linear as differences in taxonomic alpha diversity and in the taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic composition of the sampled communities were often much stronger at the savanna/forest transition than at any other part of the gradient. This indicates that savanna ant communities switch rapidly to an alternative state once the savanna turns into forest.
Ant communities in the newly formed forest areas lacked many of the species typical of the savanna habitats, suggesting that the maintenance of a fire suppression policy is likely to result in a decrease in ant diversity and in the homogenisation of the ant fauna at the landscape scale.
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Abstract Understanding the drivers of ant diversity and co‐occurrence in agroecosystems is fundamental because ants participate in interactions that influence agroecosystem processes. Multiple local and regional factors influence ant community assembly.
We examined local factors that influence the structure of a twig‐nesting ant community in a coffee system in Mexico using an experimental approach. We investigated whether twig characteristics (nest entrance size and diversity of nest entrance sizes) and nest strata (canopy shade tree or coffee shrub) affected occupation, species richness, and community composition of twig‐nesting ants and whether frequency of occupation of ant species varied with particular nest entrance sizes or strata.
We conducted our study in a shaded coffee farm in Chiapas, Mexico, between March and June 2012. We studied ant nest colonization by placing artificial nests (bamboo twigs) on coffee shrubs and shade trees either in diverse or uniform treatments. We also examined whether differences in vegetation (no. of trees, canopy cover and coffee density) influenced nest colonization.
We found 33 ant species occupying 73% of nests placed. Nest colonization did not differ with nest strata or size. Mean species richness of colonizing ants was significantly higher in the diverse nest size entrance treatment, but did not differ with nest strata. Community composition differed between strata and also between the diverse and uniform size treatments on coffee shrubs, but not on shade trees. Some individual ant species were more frequently found in certain nest strata and in nests with certain entrance sizes.
Our results indicate that twig‐nesting ants are nest‐site limited, quickly occupy artificial nests of many sizes, and that trees or shrubs with twigs of a diversity of entrance sizes likely support higher ant species richness. Further, individual ant species more frequently occupy nests with different sized entrances promoting ant richness on individual coffee plants and trees.
