skip to main content


This content will become publicly available on October 2, 2024

Title: Global compilation of deep mantle anisotropy observations and possible correlation with low velocity provinces
We compile and make publicly available a global digital database of body wave observations of seismic anisotropy in the D′′ layer, grouped using the method used to analyze deep mantle anisotropy. Using this database, we examine the global distribution of seismic anisotropy in the D′′ layer, evaluating the question of whether seismic anisotropy is more likely to be located at the edges of the two large-low velocity provinces (LLVPs) in Earth's mantle than elsewhere. We show that this hypothesis lacks statistical justification if we consider previously observed lowermost mantle anisotropy, although there are multiple factors that are difficult to account for quantitatively. One such factor is the global lowermost mantle ray coverage for different phases that are commonly used to detect deep mantle anisotropy in shear wave splitting studies. We find that the global ray coverage of the relevant seismic phases is highly uneven, with LLVP edges and their interiors less well-sampled than the global average.  more » « less
Award ID(s):
2026917
NSF-PAR ID:
10467750
Author(s) / Creator(s):
; ; ;
Publisher / Repository:
American Geophysical Union
Date Published:
Journal Name:
Geochemistry geophysics geosystems
ISSN:
1525-2027
Format(s):
Medium: X
Sponsoring Org:
National Science Foundation
More Like this
  1. Abstract

    We compile and make publicly available a global digital database of body wave observations of seismic anisotropy in the D′′ layer, grouped using the method used to analyze deep mantle anisotropy. Using this database, we examine the global distribution of seismic anisotropy in the D′′ layer, evaluating the question of whether seismic anisotropy is more likely to be located at the edges of the two large‐low velocity provinces (LLVPs) in Earth's mantle than elsewhere. We show that this hypothesis lacks statistical justification if we consider previously observed lowermost mantle anisotropy, although there are multiple factors that are difficult to account for quantitatively. One such factor is the global lowermost mantle ray coverage for different phases that are commonly used to detect deep mantle anisotropy in shear wave splitting studies. We find that the global ray coverage of the relevant seismic phases is highly uneven, with LLVP edges and their interiors less well‐sampled than the global average.

     
    more » « less
  2. SUMMARY

    Iceland represents one of the most well-known examples of hotspot volcanism, but the details of how surface volcanism connects to geodynamic processes in the deep mantle remain poorly understood. Recent work has identified evidence for an ultra-low velocity zone in the lowermost mantle beneath Iceland and argued for a cylindrically symmetric upwelling at the base of a deep mantle plume. This scenario makes a specific prediction about flow and deformation in the lowermost mantle, which can potentially be tested with observations of seismic anisotropy. Here we present an investigation of seismic anisotropy in the lowermost mantle beneath Iceland, using differential shear wave splitting measurements of S–ScS and SKS–SKKS phases. We apply our techniques to waves propagating at multiple azimuths, with the goal of gaining good geographical and azimuthal coverage of the region. Practical limitations imposed by the suboptimal distribution of global seismicity at the relevant distance ranges resulted in a relatively small data set, particularly for S–ScS. Despite this, however, our measurements of ScS splitting due to lowermost mantle anisotropy clearly show a rotation of the fast splitting direction from nearly horizontal for two sets of paths that sample away from the low velocity region (implying VSH > VSV) to nearly vertical for a set of paths that sample directly beneath Iceland (implying VSV > VSH). We also find evidence for sporadic SKS–SKKS discrepancies beneath our study region; while the geographic distribution of discrepant pairs is scattered, those pairs that sample closest to the base of the Iceland plume tend to be discrepant. Our measurements do not uniquely constrain the pattern of mantle flow. However, we carried out simple ray-theoretical forward modelling for a suite of plausible anisotropy mechanisms, including those based on single-crystal elastic tensors, those obtained via effective medium modelling for partial melt scenarios, and those derived from global or regional models of flow and texture development in the deep mantle. These simplified models do not take into account details such as possible transitions in anisotropy mechanism or deformation regime, and test a simplified flow field (vertical flow beneath the plume and horizontal flow outside it) rather than more detailed flow scenarios. Nevertheless, our modelling results demonstrate that our ScS splitting observations are generally consistent with a flow scenario that invokes nearly vertical flow directly beneath the Iceland hotspot, with horizontal flow just outside this region.

     
    more » « less
  3. SUMMARY

    Determinations of seismic anisotropy, or the dependence of seismic wave velocities on the polarization or propagation direction of the wave, can allow for inferences on the style of deformation and the patterns of flow in the Earth’s interior. While it is relatively straightforward to resolve seismic anisotropy in the uppermost mantle directly beneath a seismic station, measurements of deep mantle anisotropy are more challenging. This is due in large part to the fact that measurements of anisotropy in the deep mantle are typically blurred by the potential influence of upper mantle and/or crustal anisotropy beneath a seismic station. Several shear wave splitting techniques are commonly used that attempt resolve seismic anisotropy in deep mantle by considering the presence of multiple anisotropic layers along a raypath. Examples include source-side S-wave splitting, which is used to characterize anisotropy in the deep upper mantle and mantle transition zone beneath subduction zones, and differential S-ScS and differential SKS-SKKS splitting, which are used to study anisotropy in the D″ layer at the base of the mantle. Each of these methods has a series of assumptions built into them that allow for the consideration of multiple regions of anisotropy. In this work, we systematically assess the accuracy of these assumptions. To do this, we conduct global wavefield modelling using the spectral element solver AxiSEM3D. We compute synthetic seismograms for earth models that include seismic anisotropy at the periods relevant for shear wave splitting measurements (down to 5 s). We apply shear wave splitting algorithms to our synthetic seismograms and analyse whether the assumptions that underpin common measurement techniques are adequate, and whether these techniques can correctly resolve the anisotropy incorporated in our models. Our simulations reveal some inaccuracies and limitations of reliability in various methods. Specifically, explicit corrections for upper mantle anisotropy, which are often used in source-side direct S splitting and S-ScS differential splitting, are typically reliable for the fast polarization direction ϕ but not always for the time lag δt, and their accuracy depends on the details of the upper mantle elastic tensor. We find that several of the assumptions that underpin the S-ScS differential splitting technique are inaccurate under certain conditions, and we suggest modifications to traditional S-ScS differential splitting approaches that lead to improved reliability. We investigate the reliability of differential SKS-SKKS splitting intensity measurements as an indicator for lowermost mantle anisotropy and find that the assumptions built into the splitting intensity formula can break down for strong splitting cases. We suggest some guidelines to ensure the accuracy of SKS-SKKS splitting intensity comparisons that are often used to infer lowermost mantle anisotropy. Finally, we suggest a new strategy to detect lowermost mantle anisotropy which does not rely on explicit upper mantle corrections and use this method to analyse the lowermost mantle beneath east Asia.

     
    more » « less
  4. Abstract

    Observations of seismic anisotropy just above the core‐mantle boundary are a powerful way to understand the dynamics of the lowermost mantle. Here we present models of seismic anisotropy in the lowermost mantle beneath Siberia based on new and previously published body wave observations. We compile a set of measurements based on a variety of data types, including the differential splitting of SK(K)S‐PKS and S‐ScS phases and polarities of PdP and SdS reflections off the D″ discontinuity. We carry out ray theoretical forward modeling of these data sets in combination, using a novel approach that allows for tighter constraints on the geometry of seismic anisotropy than would be possible using a single data type. Observations for each seismic phase alone only provide limited information; by combining different data types into one modeling approach, we can constrain D″ seismic anisotropy more tightly. We test a range of plausible mechanisms for seismic anisotropy, including a variety of candidate minerals (bridgmanite, post‐perovskite, and ferropericlase), dominant slip systems, and orientations, and consider both single‐crystal elasticity and elastic tensors based on polycrystalline texture modeling. In general, we find that post‐perovskite (with either a [100](010) or [100](001) dominant slip system) or bridgmanite models provide the best fit to the observations. The best‐fitting models suggest a dominant shear direction to the southwest or northeast direction at the base of the mantle. This is consistent with flow directed toward the Perm anomaly, potentially driven by slab remnants impinging on the core‐mantle boundary.

     
    more » « less
  5. Abstract

    Ultralow velocity zones (ULVZs) and seismic anisotropy are both commonly detected in the lowermost mantle at the edges of the two antipodal large low velocity provinces (LLVPs). The preferential occurrences of both ULVZs and anisotropy at LLVP edges are potentially connected to deep mantle dynamics; however, the two phenomena are typically investigated separately. Here we use waveforms from three deep earthquakes to jointly investigate ULVZ structure and lowermost mantle anisotropy near an edge of the Pacific LLVP to the southeast of Hawaii. We model global wave propagation through candidate lowermost mantle structures using AxiSEM3D. Two structures that cause ULVZ‐characteristic postcursors in our data are identified and are modeled as cylindrical ULVZs with radii of ∼1° and ∼3° and velocity reductions of ∼36% and ∼20%. One of these features has not been detected before. The ULVZs are located to the south of Hawaii and are part of the previously detected complex low velocity structure at the base of the mantle in our study region. The waveforms also reveal that, to first order, the base of the mantle in our study region is a broad and thin region of modestly low velocities. Measurements of Sdiffshear wave splitting reveal evidence for lowermost mantle anisotropy that is approximately co‐located with ULVZ material. Our measurements of co‐located anisotropy and ULVZ material suggest plausible geodynamic scenarios for flow in the deep mantle near the Pacific LLVP edge.

     
    more » « less