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Title: Machine learning and logic: a new frontier in artificial intelligence
Machine learning and logical reasoning have been the two foundational pillars of Artificial Intelligence (AI) since its inception, and yet, until recently the interactions between these two fields have been relatively limited. Despite their individual success and largely inde- pendent development, there are new problems on the horizon that seem solvable only via a combination of ideas from these two fields of AI. These problems can be broadly char- acterized as follows: how can learning be used to make logical reasoning and synthesis/ verification engines more efficient and powerful, and in the reverse direction, how can we use reasoning to improve the accuracy, generalizability, and trustworthiness of learning. In this perspective paper, we address the above-mentioned questions with an emphasis on certain paradigmatic trends at the intersection of learning and reasoning. Our intent here is not to be a comprehensive survey of all the ways in which learning and reasoning have been combined in the past. Rather we focus on certain recent paradigms where corrective feedback loops between learning and reasoning seem to play a particularly important role. Specifically, we observe the following three trends: first, the use of learning techniques (especially, reinforcement learning) in sequencing, selecting, and initializing proof rules in solvers/provers; second, combinations of inductive learning and deductive reasoning in the context of program synthesis and verification; and third, the use of solver layers in providing corrective feedback to machine learning models in order to help improve their accuracy, generalizability, and robustness with respect to partial specifications or domain knowledge. We believe that these paradigms are likely to have significant and dramatic impact on AI and its applications for a long time to come  more » « less
Award ID(s):
1804648
NSF-PAR ID:
10471546
Author(s) / Creator(s):
; ;
Publisher / Repository:
Formal Methods in System Design (
Date Published:
Journal Name:
Formal Methods in System Design
Volume:
60
Issue:
3
ISSN:
0925-9856
Page Range / eLocation ID:
426 to 451
Format(s):
Medium: X
Sponsoring Org:
National Science Foundation
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The breast corpus subset should be released by November 2021. By December 2021 we should also release the unannotated FCCC data. We are currently annotating urinary tract data as well. We expect to release about 5,600 processed TUH slides in this subset. We have an additional 53,000 unprocessed TUH slides digitized. Corpora of this size will stimulate the development of a new generation of deep learning technology. In clinical settings where resources are limited, an assistive diagnoses model could support pathologists’ workload and even help prioritize suspected cancerous cases. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This material is supported by the National Science Foundation under grants nos. CNS-1726188 and 1925494. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. REFERENCES [1] N. Shawki et al., “The Temple University Digital Pathology Corpus,” in Signal Processing in Medicine and Biology: Emerging Trends in Research and Applications, 1st ed., I. Obeid, I. Selesnick, and J. Picone, Eds. New York City, New York, USA: Springer, 2020, pp. 67 104. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030368432. [2] J. Picone, T. Farkas, I. Obeid, and Y. Persidsky, “MRI: High Performance Digital Pathology Using Big Data and Machine Learning.” Major Research Instrumentation (MRI), Division of Computer and Network Systems, Award No. 1726188, January 1, 2018 – December 31, 2021. https://www. isip.piconepress.com/projects/nsf_dpath/. [3] A. Gulati et al., “Conformer: Convolution-augmented Transformer for Speech Recognition,” in Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association (INTERSPEECH), 2020, pp. 5036-5040. https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2020-3015. [4] C.-J. Wu et al., “Machine Learning at Facebook: Understanding Inference at the Edge,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA), 2019, pp. 331–344. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8675201. [5] I. Caswell and B. Liang, “Recent Advances in Google Translate,” Google AI Blog: The latest from Google Research, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://ai.googleblog.com/2020/06/recent-advances-in-google-translate.html. [Accessed: 01-Aug-2021]. [6] V. Khalkhali, N. Shawki, V. Shah, M. Golmohammadi, I. Obeid, and J. Picone, “Low Latency Real-Time Seizure Detection Using Transfer Deep Learning,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Signal Processing in Medicine and Biology Symposium (SPMB), 2021, pp. 1 7. https://www.isip. piconepress.com/publications/conference_proceedings/2021/ieee_spmb/eeg_transfer_learning/. [7] J. Picone, T. Farkas, I. Obeid, and Y. Persidsky, “MRI: High Performance Digital Pathology Using Big Data and Machine Learning,” Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, 2020. https://www.isip.piconepress.com/publications/reports/2020/nsf/mri_dpath/. [8] I. Hunt, S. Husain, J. Simons, I. Obeid, and J. Picone, “Recent Advances in the Temple University Digital Pathology Corpus,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Signal Processing in Medicine and Biology Symposium (SPMB), 2019, pp. 1–4. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9037859. [9] A. P. Martinez, C. Cohen, K. Z. Hanley, and X. (Bill) Li, “Estrogen Receptor and Cytokeratin 5 Are Reliable Markers to Separate Usual Ductal Hyperplasia From Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia and Low-Grade Ductal Carcinoma In Situ,” Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med., vol. 140, no. 7, pp. 686–689, Apr. 2016. https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2015-0238-OA. 
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