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Abstract Let Ω ⊂ ℝ n + 1 {\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{n+1}} , n ≥ 2 {n\geq 2} , be a 1-sided non-tangentially accessible domain (aka uniform domain), that is, Ω satisfies the interior Corkscrew and Harnack chain conditions, which are respectively scale-invariant/quantitative versions of openness and path-connectedness. Let us assume also that Ω satisfies the so-called capacity density condition, a quantitative version of the fact that all boundary points are Wiener regular. Consider L 0 u = - div ( A 0 ∇ u ) {L_{0}u=-\mathrm{div}(A_{0}\nabla u)} , L u = - div ( A ∇ u ) {Lu=-\mathrm{div}(A\nabla u)} , two real (non-necessarily symmetric) uniformly elliptic operators in Ω, and write ω L 0 {\omega_{L_{0}}} , ω L {\omega_{L}} for the respective associated elliptic measures. The goal of this program is to find sufficient conditions guaranteeing that ω L {\omega_{L}} satisfies an A ∞ {A_{\infty}} -condition or a RH q {\mathrm{RH}_{q}} -condition with respect to ω L 0 {\omega_{L_{0}}} . In this paper we establish that if the discrepancy of the two matrices satisfies a natural Carleson measure condition with respect to ω L 0 {\omega_{L_{0}}} , then ω L ∈ A ∞ ( ω L 0 ) {\omega_{L}\in A_{\infty}(\omega_{L_{0}})} . Additionally, we can prove that ω L ∈ RH q ( ω L 0 ) {\omega_{L}\in\mathrm{RH}_{q}(\omega_{L_{0}})} for some specific q ∈ ( 1 , ∞ ) {q\in(1,\infty)} , by assuming that such Carleson condition holds with a sufficiently small constant. This “small constant” case extends previous work of Fefferman–Kenig–Pipher and Milakis–Pipher together with the last author of the present paper who considered symmetric operators in Lipschitz and bounded chord-arc domains, respectively. Here we go beyond those settings, our domains satisfy a capacity density condition which is much weaker than the existence of exterior Corkscrew balls. Moreover, their boundaries need not be Ahlfors regular and the restriction of the n -dimensional Hausdorff measure to the boundary could be even locally infinite. The “large constant” case, that is, the one on which we just assume that the discrepancy of the two matrices satisfies a Carleson measure condition, is new even in the case of nice domains (such as the unit ball, the upper-half space, or non-tangentially accessible domains) and in the case of symmetric operators. We emphasize that our results hold in the absence of a nice surface measure: all the analysis is done with the underlying measure ω L 0 {\omega_{L_{0}}} , which behaves well in the scenarios we are considering. When particularized to the setting of Lipschitz, chord-arc, or 1-sided chord-arc domains, our methods allow us to immediately recover a number of existing perturbation results as well as extend some of them.
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Large deviation principles for lacunary sums
Let (ak)k∈N be an increasing sequence of positive integers satisfying the Hadamard gap condition a_{k+1}/a_k > q > 1 for all k ∈ N, and let S_n(ω) = \sum_{k=1}^n cos(2πa_kω), n ∈ N, ω ∈ [0, 1]. Then S_n is called a lacunary trigonometric sum, and can be viewed as a random variable defined on the probability space Ω = [0, 1] endowed with Lebesgue measure. Lacunary sums are known to exhibit several properties that are typical for sums of independent random variables. For example, a central limit theorem for (S_n)_{n∈N} has been obtained by Salem and Zygmund, while a law of the iterated logarithm is due to Erdős and Gál. In this paper we study large deviation principles for lacunary sums. Specifically, under the large gap condition ak+1/ak → ∞, we prove that the sequence (Sn/n)n∈N does indeed satisfy a large deviation principle with speed n and the same rate function I as for sums of independent random variables with the arcsine distribution. On the other hand, we show that the large deviation principle may fail to hold when we only assume the Hadamard gap condition. However, we show that in the special case when ak = qk for some q ∈ {2, 3, . . .}, (S_n/n)_{n∈N} satisfies a large deviation principle (with speed n) and a rate function I_q that is different from I, and describe an algorithm to compute an arbitrary number of terms in the Taylor expansion of Iq . In addition, we also prove that Iq converges pointwise to I as q → ∞. Furthermore, we construct a random perturbation (a_k)_{k∈N} of the sequence (2^k)_{k∈N} for which a_{k+1}/a_k → 2 as k → ∞, but for which at the same time (S_n/n)n∈N satisfies a large deviation principle with the same rate function I as in the independent case, which is surprisingly different from the rate function I_2 one might naïvely expect. We relate this fact to the number of solutions of certain Diophantine equations. Together, these results show that large deviation principles for lacunary trigonometric sums are very sensitive to the arithmetic properties of the sequence (a_k)_{k∈N}. This is particularly noteworthy since no such arithmetic effects are visible in the central limit theorem or in the law of the iterated logarithm for lacunary trigonometric sums. Our proofs use a combination of tools from probability theory, harmonic analysis, and dynamical systems.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1954351
- PAR ID:
- 10478818
- Publisher / Repository:
- American Mathematical Society
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Transactions of the American Mathematical Society
- ISSN:
- 0002-9947
- Subject(s) / Keyword(s):
- Lacunary series, lacunary trigonometric sums, large deviations, Hadamard gap condition, large gap condition, hyperbolic dynamics, Diophantine equations, normal numbers
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1090/tran/8788
