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1. Gridded road network statistics and settlement age surfaces for core-based statistical areas in the conterminous U.S.

   https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.19593496.v1  

   Uhl, Johannes H. ; Burghardt, Keith ( January 2022 , figshare)

   These geotiff files represent road network statistics for each core-based statistical area (CBSA) in the conterminous U.S., within grid cells of 1km x 1km. The road network statistics are based on the National transportation dataset (USGS-NTD) v2019.

   These statistics include:

   gridcell_stats_azimuthvariety_1km_all_cbsas.tif: The number of unique road angles (azimuth / orientation) in bins of 10 degrees per 1 sqkm grid cell.

   gridcell_stats_deadendrate_1km_all_cbsas.tif: The proportion of dead ends (nodes of degree 1) of all nodes per 1 sqkm grid cell.

   gridcell_stats_kmroad_1km_all_cbsas.tif: The approximate total road network length per 1 sqkm grid cell. This is based on the road segment length appended to each road segment centroid and may be biased for very long road segments.

   gridcell_stats_meandegree_1km_all_cbsas.tif: The average nodal degree of all nodes per 1 sqkm grid cell.

   gridcell_stats_meangriddedness_1km_all_cbsas.tif: The average griddedness of all nodes per 1 sqkm grid cell.

   gridcell_stats_nodedensity_1km_all_cbsas.tif: The number of nodes per 1 sqkm grid cell.

   gridcell_stats_nodesperkmroad_1km_all_cbsas.tif: The number of nodes per km road within each 1 sqkm grid cell.

   gridcell_stats_firstbuiltup_1km_all_cbsas.tif: The approximate settlement age per 1 sqkm grid cell. This layer is derived from the HISDAC-US First-built-up year (FBUY) layer, which is derived from Zillow's Transaction and Assessment Dataset (ZTRAX). The FBUY data is available here: Leyk, Stefan; Uhl, Johannes H., 2018, "FBUY.tar.gz", Historical settlement composite layer for the U.S. 1810 - 2015, https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/PKJ90M/BOA5YC, Harvard Dataverse, V2 

   gridcell_stats_1km_all_cbsas_arcmap10.8.mxd: ESRI ArcMap 10.8 MXD file for quick visualization of the gridded surfaces.

   Spatial resolution: 1x1km

   Spatial reference: SR-ORG:7480, USA_Contiguous_Albers_Equal_Area_Conic_USGS_version

   Source data: USGS-NTD, HISDAC-US.

   File format: GeoTIFF.

   Spatial coverage of the road network metrics: All CBSAs in the conterminous U.S.

   Spatial coverage of the "first built-up year" surface: all U.S. counties that are covered by the HISDAC-US  historical settlement layers. This datasets includes around 2,700 U.S.  counties. In the remaining counties, construction year coverage in the  underlying ZTRAX data (Zillow Transaction and Assessment Dataset) is  low. See Leyk & Uhl (2018) for details.

   All data created by Johannes H. Uhl, University of Colorado Boulder, USA. Code available at https://github.com/johannesuhl/USRoadNetworkEvolution.

   References:

   Burghardt, K., Uhl, J., Lerman, K.,  & Leyk, S. (2022). Road   Network Evolution in the Urban and Rural  United States Since 1900.   Computers, Environment and Urban Systems.

   Leyk, S., & Uhl, J. H. (2018). HISDAC-US, historical settlement   data  compilation for the conterminous United States over 200 years. Scientific data, 5(1), 1-14. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.175 

    

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2. Historical road network statistics for core-based statistical areas in the U.S. (1900 - 2010)

   https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.19584088.v1  

   Burghardt, Keith ; Uhl, Johannes H. ( January 2022 , figshare)

   
   

   Tabulated statistics of road networks at the level of intersections and for built-up areas for each decade from 1900 to 2010, and for 2015, for each core-based statistical area (CBSA, i.e., metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area) in the conterminous United States. These areas are derived from historical road networks developed by Johannes Uhl. See Burghardt et al. (2022) for details on the data processing. 

   
   

   Spatial coverage: all CBSAs that are covered by the HISDAC-US historical settlement layers.

   This dataset includes around 2,700 U.S. counties. In the remaining counties, construction year coverage in the underlying ZTRAX data (Zillow Transaction and Assessment Dataset) is low. See Uhl et al. (2021) for details.

   All data created by Keith A. Burghardt, USC Information Sciences Institute, USA

   
   

   Codebook: these CBSA statistics are stratified by degree of aggregation.

   - CBSA_stats_diffFrom1950: Change in CBSA-aggregated patch statistics between 1950 and 2015

   - CBSA_stats_by_decade: CBSA-aggregated patch statistics for each decade from 1900-2010 plus 2015

   - CBSA_stats_by_decade: CBSA-aggregated cumulative patch statistics for each decade from 1900-2010 plus 2015. All roads created up to a given decade are used for calculating statistics.

   - Patch_stats_by_decade: Individual patch statistics for each decade from 1900-2010 plus 2015

   - Patch_stats_by_decade: Individual cumulative patch statistics for each decade from 1900-2010 plus 2015. All roads created up to a given decade are used for calculating statistics.

   
   

   The statistics are the following:

   • msaid: CBSA code
   • id: (if patch statistics) arbitrary int unique to each patch within the CBSA that year
   • year: year of statistics
   • pop: population within all CBSA counties
   • patch_bupr: built up property records (BUPR) within a patch (or sum of patches within CBSA)
   • patch_bupl: built up property l (BUPL) within a patch (or sum of patches within CBSA)
   • patch_bua: built up area (BUA) within a patch (or sum of patches within CBSA)
   • all_bupr: Same as above but for all data in 2015 regardless of whether properties were in patches
   • all_bupl: Same as above but for all data in 2015 regardless of whether properties were in patches
   • all_bua: Same as above but for all data in 2015 regardless of whether properties were in patches
   • num_nodes: number of nodes (intersections)
   • num_edges: number of edges (roads between intersections)
   • distance: total road length in km
   • k_mean: mean number of undirected roads per intersection
   • k1: fraction of nodes with degree 1
   • k4plus: fraction of nodes with degree 4+
   • bearing: histogram of different bearings between intersections
   • entropy: entropy of bearing histogram
   • mean_local_gridness: Griddedness used in text
   • mean_local_gridness_max: Same as griddedness used in text but assumes we can have up to 3 quadrilaterals for degree 3 (maximum possible, although intersections will not necessarily create right angles)

   
   

   Code available at https://github.com/johannesuhl/USRoadNetworkEvolution.

   
   

   References:

   Burghardt, K., Uhl, J., Lerman, K.,  & Leyk, S. (2022). Road Network Evolution in the Urban and Rural  United States Since 1900. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems.

    

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3. Historical, generalized built-up areas in U.S. core-based statistical areas 1900 - 2015

   https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.19593409.v2  

   Uhl, Johannes H. ; Burghardt, Keith ( January 2022 , figshare)

   An ESRI Shapfile containing spatially generalized built-up areas for each decade from 1900 to 2010, and for 2015, for each core-based statistical area (CBSA, i.e., metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area) in the conterminous United States. These areas are derived from historical settlement layers from the Historical settlement data compilation for the U.S. (HISDAC-US, Leyk & Uhl 2018). See Burghardt et al. (2022) for details on the data processing.

   
   

   Additionally, there is a CSV file (HISDAC-US_patch_statistics.csv) containing the counts of built-up property records (BUPR), and -locations (BUPL), as well as total building indoor area (BUI) and built-up area (BUA) per CBSA, year, and patch, extraced from the HISDAC-US data (Uhl & Leyk 2018, Uhl et al. 2021). This CSV can be joined to the shapefile (column uid2) by concatenating the columns msaid_year_Id.

   
   

   Spatial coverage: all CBSAs that are covered by the HISDAC-US historical settlement layers.

   This dataset includes around 2,700 U.S. counties. In the remaining counties, construction year coverage in the underlying ZTRAX data (Zillow Transaction and Assessment Dataset) is low. See Uhl et al. (2021) for details.

   All data created by Johannes H. Uhl, University of Colorado Boulder, USA.

   Code available at https://github.com/johannesuhl/USRoadNetworkEvolution.

   References:

   Burghardt, K., Uhl, J., Lerman, K.,  & Leyk, S. (2022). Road Network Evolution in the Urban and Rural  United States Since 1900. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems.

   Leyk, S., & Uhl, J. H. (2018). HISDAC-US, historical settlement data  compilation for the conterminous United States over 200 years. Scientific data, 5(1), 1-14. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.175 

   Uhl, J. H., Leyk, S., McShane, C. M., Braswell, A. E., Connor, D. S.,  & Balk, D. (2021). Fine-grained, spatiotemporal datasets measuring  200 years of land development in the United States. Earth system science data, 13(1), 119-153. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-119-2021 

    

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4. HISDAC-ES: historical settlement data compilation for Spain (1900–2020)

   https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4713-2023  

   Uhl, Johannes H. ; Royé, Dominic ; Burghardt, Keith ; Aldrey Vázquez, José A. ; Borobio Sanchiz, Manuel ; Leyk, Stefan ( January 2023 , Earth System Science Data)

   Abstract. Multi-temporal measurements quantifying the changes to the Earth's surface are critical for understanding many natural, anthropogenic, and social processes. Researchers typically use remotely sensed Earth observation data to quantify and characterize such changes in land use and land cover (LULC). However, such data sources are limited in their availability prior to the 1980s. While an observational window of 40 to 50 years is sufficient to study most recent LULC changes, processes such as urbanization, land development, and the evolution of urban and coupled nature–human systems often operate over longer time periods covering several decades or even centuries. Thus, to quantify and better understand such processes, alternative historical–geospatial data sources are required that extend farther back in time. However, such data are rare, and processing is labor-intensive, often involving manual work. To overcome the resulting lack in quantitative knowledge of urban systems and the built environment prior to the 1980s, we leverage cadastral data with rich thematic property attribution, such as building usage and construction year. We scraped, harmonized, and processed over 12 000 000 building footprints including construction years to create a multi-faceted series of gridded surfaces, describing the evolution of human settlements in Spain from 1900 to 2020, at 100 m spatial and 5-year temporal resolution. These surfaces include measures of building density, built-up intensity, and built-up land use. We evaluated our data against a variety of data sources including remotely sensed human settlement data and land cover data, model-based historical land use depictions, and historical maps and historical aerial imagery and find high levels of agreement. This new data product, the Historical Settlement Data Compilation for Spain (HISDAC-ES), is publicly available (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.22009643, Uhl et al., 2023a) and represents a rich source for quantitative, long-term analyses of the built environment and related processes over large spatial and temporal extents and at fine resolutions.

    

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5. Historical, county-level road network statistics for the conterminous United States (1900 - 2015)

   https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.19593460.v1  

   Uhl, Johannes H. ; Burghardt, Keith ( January 2022 , figshare)

   This CSV file contains geometric and topological road network statistics for the majority of counties in the conterminous U.S.

   The underlying road network data is the USGS-NTD v2019.

   These road network data from 2019 were clipped to historical settlement extents obtained from the HISDAC-US dataset 

   Road network statistics are multi-temporal, calculated in time slices for the years: 1810-1900, 1880-1920, 1900-1940, 1920-1960, 1940-1980, 1960-2000, 1980-2015

   The historical built-up areas used to model the historical road networks are derived from historical settlement layers from the  Historical settlement data compilation for the U.S. (HISDAC-US, Leyk & Uhl 2018). See Burghardt et al. (2022) for details on the modelling strategy.

   Spatial coverage: all U.S. counties that are covered by the HISDAC-US historical settlement layers. This datasets includes around 2,700 U.S. counties. In the remaining counties, construction year coverage in the underlying ZTRAX data (Zillow Transaction and Assessment Dataset) is low. See Uhl et al. (2021) for details.

   All data created by Johannes H. Uhl, University of Colorado Boulder, USA.

   Code available at https://github.com/johannesuhl/USRoadNetworkEvolution.

   References:

   Burghardt, K., Uhl, J., Lerman, K.,  & Leyk, S. (2022). Road  Network Evolution in the Urban and Rural  United States Since 1900.  Computers, Environment and Urban Systems.

   Leyk, S., & Uhl, J. H. (2018). HISDAC-US, historical settlement  data  compilation for the conterminous United States over 200 years. Scientific data, 5(1), 1-14. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.175 

   Uhl, J. H., Leyk, S., McShane, C. M., Braswell, A. E., Connor, D.  S.,  & Balk, D. (2021). Fine-grained, spatiotemporal datasets  measuring  200 years of land development in the United States. Earth system science data, 13(1), 119-153. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-119-2021 

    

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