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1. Glacier expansion on Baffin Island during early Holocene cold reversals

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106419  

   Crump, Sarah E. ; Young, Nicolás E. ; Miller, Gifford H. ; Pendleton, Simon L. ; Tulenko, Joseph P. ; Anderson, Robert S. ; Briner, Jason P. ( July 2020 , Quaternary Science Reviews)

   The North Atlantic was a key locus for circulation-driven abrupt climate change in the past and could play a similar role in the future. Abrupt cold reversals, including the 8.2 ka event, punctuated the otherwise warm early Holocene in the North Atlantic region and serve as useful paleo examples of rapid climate change. In this work, we assess the cryospheric response to early Holocene climate history on Baffin Island, Arctic Canada, using cosmogenic radionuclide dating of moraines. We present 39 new 10Be ages from four sets of multi-crested early Holocene moraines deposited by cirque glaciers and ice cap outlet glaciers, as well as erratic boulders along adjacent fiords to constrain the timing of regional deglaciation. The age of one moraine is additionally constrained by in situ 14C measurements, which confirm 10Be inheritance in some samples. All four moraines were deposited between ~9.2 and 8.0 ka, and their average ages coincide with abrupt coolings at 9.3 and 8.2 ka that are recorded in Greenland ice cores. Freshwater delivery to the North Atlantic that reduced the flux of warm Atlantic water into Baffin Bay may explain brief intervals of glacier advance, although moraine formation cannot be definitively tied to centennial-scale cold reversals. We thus explore other possible contributing factors, including ice dynamics related to retreat of Laurentide Ice Sheet outlet glaciers. Using a numerical glacier model, we show that the debuttressing effect of trunk valley deglaciation may have contributed to these morainebuilding events. These new age constraints and process insights highlight the complex behavior of the cryosphere during regional deglaciation and suggest that multiple abrupt cold reversalsdas well as deglacial ice dynamicsdlikely played a role in early Holocene moraine formation on Baffin Island. 

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2. 10Be age constraints on latest Pleistocene and Holocene cirque glaciation across the western United States

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-019-0062-z  

   Marcott, Shaun A. ; Clark, Peter U. ; Shakun, Jeremy D. ; Brook, Edward J. ; Davis, P. Thompson ; Caffee, Marc W. ( January 2019 , npj Climate and Atmospheric Science)

   Well-dated records of alpine glacier fluctuations provide important insights into the temporal and spatial structure of climate variability. Cirque moraine records from the western United States have historically been interpreted as a resurgence of alpine glaciation in the middle-to-late Holocene (i.e., Neoglaciation), but these moraines remain poorly dated because of limited numerical age constraints at most locations. Here we present 130¹⁰Be ages on 19 moraines deposited by 14 cirque glaciers across this region that have been interpreted as recording these Neoglacial advances. Our¹⁰Be chronology indicates instead that these moraines were deposited during the latest Pleistocene to earliest Holocene, with several as old as 14–15ka. Our results thus show that glaciers retreated from their Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) extent into cirques relatively early during the last deglaciation, experienced small fluctuations during the Bølling–Allerød–Younger Dryas interval, and remained within the maximum limit of the Little Ice Age (LIA) advance of the last several centuries throughout most of the Holocene. Climate modeling suggests that increasing local summer insolation and greenhouse gases were the primary controls on early glacier retreat from their LGM positions. We then infer that subsequent intrinsic climate variability and Younger Dryas cooling caused minor fluctuations during the latest Pleistocene, while the LIA advance represents the culmination of a cooling trend through the Holocene in response to decreasing boreal summer insolation.

    

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3. Early Holocene cold snaps and their expression in the moraine record of the eastern European Alps

   https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2451-2021  

   Braumann, Sandra M. ; Schaefer, Joerg M. ; Neuhuber, Stephanie M. ; Lüthgens, Christopher ; Hidy, Alan J. ; Fiebig, Markus ( January 2021 , Climate of the Past)

   Abstract. Glaciers preserve climate variations in their geologicaland geomorphological records, which makes them prime candidates for climatereconstructions. Investigating the glacier–climate system over the pastmillennia is particularly relevant first because the amplitude andfrequency of natural climate variability during the Holocene provides theclimatic context against which modern, human-induced climate change must beassessed. Second, the transition from the last glacial to the currentinterglacial promises important insights into the climate system duringwarming, which is of particular interest with respect to ongoing climatechange. Evidence of stable ice margin positions that record cooling during the past12 kyr are preserved in two glaciated valleys of the Silvretta Massif in theeastern European Alps, the Jamtal (JAM) and the Laraintal (LAR). We mappedand dated moraines in these catchments including historical ridges usingberyllium-10 surface exposure dating (10Be SED) techniques andcorrelate resulting moraine formation intervals with climate proxy recordsto evaluate the spatial and temporal scale of these cold phases. The newgeochronologies indicate the formation of moraines during the early Holocene (EH), ca. 11.0 ± 0.7 ka (n = 19). Boulder ages along historical moraines (n = 6) suggest at least two glacier advances during the Little Ice Age (LIA; ca. 1250–1850 CE) around 1300 CE and in the second half of the 18th century. An earlier advance to the same position may have occurredaround 500 CE. The Jamtal and Laraintal moraine chronologies provide evidence thatmillennial-scale EH warming was superimposed by centennial-scale cooling.The timing of EH moraine formation coincides with brief temperature dropsidentified in local and regional paleoproxy records, most prominently withthe Preboreal Oscillation (PBO) and is consistent with moraine depositionin other catchments in the European Alps and in the Arctic region. Thisconsistency points to cooling beyond the local scale and therefore aregional or even hemispheric climate driver. Freshwater input sourced fromthe Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS), which changed circulation patterns in theNorth Atlantic, is a plausible explanation for EH cooling and moraineformation in the Nordic region and in Europe. 

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4. Modeling glacier extents and equilibrium line altitudes in the Rwenzori Mountains, Uganda, over the last 31,000 yr

   Doughty AM, Kelly MA ( April 2021 , Special paper Geological Society of America)

   Waitt RB, Thackray GD (Ed.)

   Mountain glacier moraine sequences and their chronologies allow us to evaluate the timing and climate conditions that underpin changes in the equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs), which can provide valuable information on the paleoclimatology of understudied regions such as tropical East Africa. However, moraine sequences are inherently discontinuous, and the precise climate conditions that they represent can be ambiguous due to the sensitivity of mountain glaciers to temperature, precipitation, and other environmental variables. Here, we used a two-dimensional (2-D) iceflow and mass-balance model to simulate glacier extents and ELAs in the Rwenzori Mountains in East Africa over the past 31,000 yr (31 k.y.), including the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), late glacial period, and the Holocene Epoch. We drove the glacier model with two independent, continuous temperature reconstructions to simulate possible glacier length changes through time. Model input paleoclimate values came from branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (brGDGT) temperature reconstructions from alpine lakes on Mount Kenya for the last ~31 k.y., and precipitation reconstructions for the LGM came from various East African locations. We then compared the simulated fluctuations with the positions and ages (where known) of the Rwenzori moraines. The simulated glacier extents reached within 1.1 km of the dated LGM moraines in one valley (93% of the full LGM extent) when forced by the brGDGT temperature reconstructions (maximum cooling of 6.1 °C) and a decrease in precipitation (-10% than modern amounts). These simulations suggest that the Rwenzori glaciers required a cooling of at least 6.1 °C to reach the dated LGM moraines. Based on the model output, we predict an age of 12–11 ka for moraines located halfway between the LGM and modern glacier extents. We also predict ice-free conditions in the Rwenzori Mountains for most of the early to middle Holocene, followed by a late Holocene glacier readvance within the last 2000 yr. 

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5. Late Holocene glacier and climate fluctuations in the Mackenzie and Selwyn mountain ranges, northwestern Canada

   https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4381-2023  

   Hawkins, Adam C. ; Menounos, Brian ; Goehring, Brent M. ; Osborn, Gerald ; Pelto, Ben M. ; Darvill, Christopher M. ; Schaefer, Joerg M. ( January 2023 , The Cryosphere)

   Abstract. Over the last century, northwestern Canada experienced some of the highest rates of tropospheric warming globally, which caused glaciers in the region to rapidly retreat. Our study seeks to extend the record of glacier fluctuations and assess climate drivers prior to the instrumental record in the Mackenzie and Selwyn mountains of northwestern Canada. We collected 27 10Be surface exposure ages across nine cirque and valley glacier moraines to constrain the timing of their emplacement. Cirque and valley glaciers in this region reached their greatest Holocene extents in the latter half of the Little Ice Age (1600–1850 CE). Four erratic boulders, 10–250 m distal from late Holocene moraines, yielded 10Be exposure ages of 10.9–11.6 ka, demonstrating that by ca. 11 ka, alpine glaciers were no more extensive than during the last several hundred years. Estimated temperature change obtained through reconstruction of equilibrium line altitudes shows that since ca. 1850 CE, mean annual temperatures have risen 0.2–2.3 ∘C. We use our glacier chronology and the Open Global Glacier Model (OGGM) to estimate that from 1000 CE, glaciers in this region reached a maximum total volume of 34–38 km3 between 1765 and 1855 CE and had lost nearly half their ice volume by 2019 CE. OGGM was unable to produce modeled glacier lengths that match the timing or magnitude of the maximum glacier extent indicated by the 10Be chronology. However, when applied to the entire Mackenzie and Selwyn mountain region, past millennium OGGM simulations using the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM) and the Community Climate System Model 4 (CCSM4) yield late Holocene glacier volume change temporally consistent with our moraine and remote sensing record, while the Meteorological Research Institute Earth System Model 2 (MRI-ESM2) and the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC) fail to produce modeled glacier change consistent with our glacier chronology. Finally, OGGM forced by future climate projections under varying greenhouse gas emission scenarios predicts 85 % to over 97 % glacier volume loss by the end of the 21st century. The loss of glaciers from this region will have profound impacts on local ecosystems and communities that rely on meltwater from glacierized catchments.

    

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