In group‐living species, integrating into a new social group after dispersal is an important life history milestone associated with physical and social challenges. Generally, this process seems to be accompanied by heightened glucocorticoid (GC) concentrations; however, most studies of physiological responses to group transfer have been conducted on species with despotic social relationships, where integrating individuals are often targets of frequent aggression. Here we present data on fecal glucocorticoid (fGC) concentrations during periods of unstable group membership for male woolly monkeys (
Do white-faced capuchin monkeys have social norms?: New data from the Lomas Barbudal Monkey Project in Costa Rica. In: Program of the 92nd Annual Meeting of the American Association of Biological Anthropologists.
Cultural evolution researchers still debate whether humans are unique among species in having social norms, i.e. moralized, group-specific, socially learned, shared understandings of the rules by which social life should be conducted, maintained via moral emotions that inspire impartial third parties to punish violators of these rules. I sought to establish what behaviors spark outrage in capuchins by recording the details of social context whenever a capuchin aggressed against or screamed at another monkey. Food theft, certain types of sexual interaction, and branch-breaking displays were situations that elicited outrage often enough to warrant documentation of which other monkeys witnessed these events, and how they responded. Three decades of long-term data on ten groups were used to measure degree of maternal kinship and relationship quality (using focal follow data and ad libitum data) between the bystander monkeys and the monkeys involved in the putative norm violation. This population fails to meet three of my operational criteria for social norms: (1) There is very little between-group variation in the patterning of social behaviors relevant to the putative social rules identified. (2) The rate at which third party bystanders aggress against putative norm violators is low (0.6-7.0%). (3) Using a logistic regression modeling framework, the most salient predictor of whether third party bystanders punish putative rule violators is the quality of bystanders’ relationships with those violators, suggesting that bystander behavior is driven more by grudge-holding against particular individuals with whom they have poor-quality relationships than by altruistic enforcement of a group-wide behavioral standard.
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- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10484547
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- American journal of biological anthropology
- Volume:
- 180
- ISSN:
- 2692-7691
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 138
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Location:
- https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24731
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Abstract Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii ), a species with extremely low rates of male–male aggression and generally tolerant male–male associations. We collected data on males in four study groups at the Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Ecuador, and observed three attempted transfer events, involving a total of four adult males, in one study group. We observed only three instances of overt aggression (chases) between males across the entire study period, though male display behaviors were more frequent. We tested whether rates of displays were higher during periods of unstable group membership using a generalized linear mixed model (LMM). We also examined whether male status, group stability, and the occurrence of intergroup encounters affected fGC concentrations using LMMs. Contrary to our predictions, rates of display behaviors were not higher during periods of unstable group membership. However, both transient/integrating males and those who were already group members showed elevated fGC concentrations during these unstable periods. Our results suggest that even in species with tolerant male–male relationships, the integration of unfamiliar individuals can provoke an increase in GCs. -
null (Ed.)A quiet revolution is afoot in the field of law. Technical systems employing algorithms are shaping and displacing professional decision making, and they are disrupting and restructuring relationships between law firms, lawyers, and clients. Decision-support systems marketed to legal professionals to support e-discovery—generally referred to as “technology assisted review” (TAR)—increasingly rely on “predictive coding”: machine-learning techniques to classify and predict which of the voluminous electronic documents subject to litigation should be withheld or produced to the opposing side. These systems and the companies offering them are reshaping relationships between lawyers and clients, introducing new kinds of professionals into legal practice, altering the discovery process, and shaping how lawyers construct knowledge about their cases and professional obligations. In the midst of these shifting relationships—and the ways in which these systems are shaping the construction and presentation of knowledge—lawyers are grappling with their professional obligations, ethical duties, and what it means for the future of legal practice. Through in-depth, semi-structured interviews of experts in the e-discovery technology space—the technology company representatives who develop and sell such systems to law firms and the legal professionals who decide whether and how to use them in practice—we shed light on the organizational structures, professional rules and norms, and technical system properties that are shaping and being reshaped by predictive coding systems. Our findings show that AI-supported decision systems such as these are reconfiguring professional work practices. In particular, they highlight concerns about potential loss of professional agency and skill, limited understanding and thereby both over- and under reliance on decision-support systems, and confusion about responsibility and accountability as new kinds of technical professionals and technologies are brought into legal practice. The introduction of predictive coding systems and the new professional and organizational arrangements they are ushering into legal practice compound general concerns over the opacity of technical systems with specific concerns about encroachments on the construction of expert knowledge, liability frameworks, and the potential (mis)alignment of machine reasoning with professional logic and ethics. Based on our findings, we conclude that predictive coding tools—and likely other algorithmic systems lawyers use to construct knowledge and reason about legal practice— challenge the current model for evaluating whether and how tools are appropriate for legal practice. As tools become both more complex and more consequential, it is unreasonable to rely solely on legal professionals—judges, law firms, and lawyers—to determine which technologies are appropriate for use. The legal professionals we interviewed report relying on the evaluation and judgment of a range of new technical experts within law firms and, increasingly, third-party vendors and their technical experts. This system for choosing technical systems upon which lawyers rely to make professional decisions—e.g., whether documents are responsive, or whether the standard of proportionality has been met—is no longer sufficient. As the tools of medicine are reviewed by appropriate experts before they are put out for consideration and adoption by medical professionals, we argue that the legal profession must develop new processes for determining which algorithmic tools are fit to support lawyers’ decision making. Relatedly, because predictive coding systems are used to produce lawyers’ professional judgment, we argue they must be designed for contestability— providing greater transparency, interaction, and configurability around embedded choices to ensure decisions about how to embed core professional judgments, such as relevance and proportionality, remain salient and demand engagement from lawyers, not just their technical experts.more » « less
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