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Abstract In contrast to sexual selection on traits that affect interactions between the sexes before mating, little theoretical research has focused on the coevolution of postmating traits via cryptic female choice (when females bias fertilization toward specific males). We used simulation models to ask (a) whether and, if so, how nondirectional cryptic female choice (female-by-male interactions in fertilization success) causes deviations from models that focus exclusively on male-mediated postmating processes, and (b) how the risk of sperm competition, the strength of cryptic female choice, and tradeoffs between sperm number and sperm traits interact to influence the coevolutionary dynamics between cryptic female choice and sperm traits. We found that incorporating cryptic female choice can result in males investing much less in their ejaculates than predicted by models with sperm competition only. We also found that cryptic female choice resulted in the evolution of genetic correlations between cryptic female choice and sperm traits, even when the strength of cryptic female choice was weak, and the risk of sperm competition was low. This suggests that cryptic female choice may be important even in systems with low multiple mating. These genetic correlations increased with the risk of sperm competition and as the strength of cryptic female choice increased. When the strength of cryptic female choice and risk of sperm competition was high, extreme codivergence of sperm traits and cryptic female choice preference occurred even when the sperm trait traded off with sperm number. We also found that male traits lagged behind the evolution of female traits; this lag decreased with increasing strength of cryptic female choice and risk of sperm competition. Overall, our results suggest that cryptic female choice deserves more attention theoretically and may be driving trait evolution in ways just beginning to be explored.
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Cryptic Mate Preference in Male Bicyclus anynana Butterflies
While male mate choice has received sparse attention in comparison to female choice, it occurs often in insects. In addition, male insects may preferentially allocate sperm and ejaculate in response to female quality. Previous research indicates that male Bicyclus anynana butterflies can learn mate preference through prior exposure to females, though naïve males mate randomly. It is unclear whether this preference learning may also influence male sperm and ejaculate allocation after mate selection, or whether males have cryptic mate preference for female wing patterns independent of preference learning. Here we test whether B. anynana males adjust their sperm and ejaculate allocation in response to a learned preference. We also assess whether males exhibit an innate cryptic preference and adjust their sperm and ejaculate in response to female wing pattern. We compared number of eggs laid by females and spermatophore (male butterfly ejaculate) weight in four no-choice treatments: naïve male butterflies (having no prior exposure to females), paired with a 2 or 0-spot female, and experienced male butterflies (having a previous three-hour interaction with a 0-spot female), paired with a 2 or 0-spot female. All females used were naturally 2-spot females, 0-spot females had artificially blocked spots. We found that 0-spot females laid significantly more eggs than 2-spot females, independent of male experience. There was no effect of female phenotype or male experience on spermatophore weight. Our findings suggest that male B. anynana have an innate cryptic preference for 0-spot females, which has been shown in other studies to only be seen as a pre-copulatory preference when enhanced by early experience.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1937201
- PAR ID:
- 10486438
- Publisher / Repository:
- Springer
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Insect Behavior
- Volume:
- 36
- Issue:
- 1
- ISSN:
- 0892-7553
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 1 to 10
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-023-09814-x
