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Convective available potential energy (CAPE), a metric associated with severe weather, is expected to increase with warming, but we have lacked a framework that describes its changes in the populated midlatitudes. In the tropics, theory suggests mean CAPE should rise following the Clausius–Clapeyron (C–C) relationship at ∼6%/K. In the heterogeneous midlatitudes, where the mean change is less relevant, we show that CAPE changes are larger and can be well‐described by a simple framework based on moist static energy surplus, which is robust across climate states. This effect is highly general and holds across both high‐resolution nudged regional simulations and free‐running global climate models. The simplicity of this framework means that complex distributional changes in future CAPE can be well‐captured by a simple scaling of present‐day data using only three parameters.
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Control of Stability and Relative Humidity in the Radiative‐Convective Equilibrium Model Intercomparison Project
Abstract The Radiative‐Convective Equilibrium Model Intercomparison Project (RCEMIP) exhibits a large spread in the simulated climate across models, including in profiles of buoyancy and relative humidity. Here we use simple theory to understand the control of stability, relative humidity, and their responses to warming. Across the RCEMIP ensemble, temperature profiles are systematically cooler than a moist adiabat, and convective available potential energy (CAPE) increases with warming at a rate greater than that expected from the Clausius‐Clapeyron relation. There is higher CAPE (greater instability) in models that are on average moister in the lower‐troposphere. To more explicitly evaluate the drivers of the intermodel spread, we use simple theory to estimate values of entrainment and precipitation efficiency (PE) given the simulated values of CAPE and lower‐tropospheric relative humidity. We then decompose the intermodel spread in CAPE and relative humidity (and their responses to warming) into contributions from variability in entrainment, PE, the temperature of the convecting top, and the inverse water vapor scale height. Model‐to‐model variation in entrainment is a dominant source of intermodel spread in CAPE and its changes with warming, while variation in PE is the dominant source of intermodel spread in relative humidity. We also decompose the magnitude of the CAPE increase with warming and find that atmospheric warming itself contributes most strongly to the CAPE increase, but the indirect effect of increases in the water vapor scale height with warming also contribute to increasing CAPE beyond that expected from Clausius‐Clapeyron.
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- PAR ID:
- 10492031
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Geophysical Union
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
- Volume:
- 16
- Issue:
- 1
- ISSN:
- 1942-2466
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1029/2023MS003914
