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Abstract Fish skulls are often highly kinetic, with multiple linkage and lever systems powered by a diverse suite of muscles. Comparative analysis of the evolution of soft-tissue structures in the fish skull is often limited under traditional approaches, while new imaging techniques like diceCT (diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography) allow for high-resolution imaging of muscles in situ. Darters (Percidae: Etheostomatinae) are a diminutive and species-rich clade of lotic freshwater fishes, which show diverse head shapes believed to be associated with different foraging strategies. We used diceCT to sample all major cranial adductors and abductors responsible for movement of the jaw, hyoid, operculum, and suspensorium from 29 species. We applied comparative phylogenetic approaches to analyse the evolutionary trends in muscle size across the clade. We found two major patterns: (i) darter cranial muscles show fundamental trade-offs relating to investment in musculature, as well as buccal expansion vs. biting attributes; early divergence in muscle size appears to be associated with shifts in habitat use and foraging; (ii) darter adductor mandibulae show high variation in architecture (fibre orientation, divisions). This study highlights how new imaging techniques can provide novel insights into the anatomy of even well-sampled/represented clades.
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The impact of measurement technique and sampling on estimates of skeletal muscle fibre architecture
Abstract Skeletal muscle fibre architecture provides important insights into performance of vertebrate locomotor and feeding behaviours. Chemical digestion and in situ sectioning of muscle bellies along their lengths to expose fibres, fibre orientation and intramuscular tendon, are two classical methods for estimating architectural variables such as fibre length (Lf) and physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA). It has recently been proposed thatLfestimates are systematically shorter and hence less accurate using in situ sectioning. Here we addressed this hypothesis by comparingLfestimates between the two methods for the superficial masseter and temporalis muscles in a sample of strepsirrhine and platyrrhine primates. Means or single‐specimenLfestimates using chemical digestion were greater in 17/32 comparisons (53.13%), indicating the probability of achieving longer fibres using chemical digestion is no greater than chance in these taxonomic samples. We further explored the impact of sampling on scaling ofLfand PCSA in platyrrhines applying a bootstrapping approach. We found that sampling—both numbers of individuals within species and representation of species across the clade significantly influence scaling results ofLfand PCSA in platyrrhines. We show that intraspecific and clade sampling strategies can account for differences between previously published platyrrhine scaling studies. We suggest that differences in these two methodological approaches to assessing muscle architecture are relatively less consequential when estimatingLfand PCSA for comparative studies, whereas achieving more reliable estimates within species through larger samples and representation of the full clade space are important considerations in comparative studies of fibre architecture and scaling.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2314898
- PAR ID:
- 10492592
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- The Anatomical Record
- Volume:
- 307
- Issue:
- 9
- ISSN:
- 1932-8486
- Format(s):
- Medium: X Size: p. 3071-3084
- Size(s):
- p. 3071-3084
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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