S100A12 or Calgranulin C is a homodimeric antimicrobial protein of the S100 family of EF-hand calcium-modulated proteins. S100A12 is involved in many diseases like inflammation, tumor invasion, cancer and neurological disorders like Alzheimer’s disease. The binding of transition metal ions to the protein is important as the sequestering of the metal ion induces conformational changes in the protein, inhibiting the growth of various pathogenic microorganisms. In this work, we probe the Cu(II) binding properties of Calgranulin C. We demonstrate that the two Cu(II) binding sites in Calgranulin C show different coordination environments in solution. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of Cu(II)-bound protein clearly show two distinct components at higher Cu(II):protein ratios, which is indicative of the two different binding environments for the Cu(II) ions. The g|| and A|| values are also different for the two components, indicating that the number of directly coordinated nitrogens in each site differs. Furthermore, we perform Continuous Wave (CW)-titrations to obtain the binding affinity of the Ca(II)-loaded protein to Cu2+ ions. We observe a positive cooperativity in binding of the two Cu(II) ions. In order to further probe the Cu2+ coordination, we also perform Electron Spin Echo Envelope Modulation (ESEEM) experiment. We perform ESEEM at two different fields where one Cu(II) binding site dominates over the other. At both sites we see distinct signatures of Cu(II)-histidine coordination. However, we clearly see that the ESEEM spectra corresponding to the two Cu2+ binding sites are significantly different. There is clear change in the intensity of the double quantum (DQ) peak with respect to the nuclear quadrupole interaction (NQI) peak at the two different fields. Furthermore, ESEEM along with Hyperfine Sublevel Correlation (HYSCORE) show that only one of the two Cu(II) binding sites has backbone coordination, confirming our previous observation. Finally, we perform Double Electron Electron Resonance (DEER) spectroscopy to probe if the difference in binding environment is due to the Cu(II) binding to different sites in the protein. We obtain a distance distribution with a sharp peak at ~ 3 nm and a broad peak at ~ 4 nm. The shorter distance agrees with the Cu(II)-Cu(II) distance expected for a dimer from the crystal structure. The longer distance is consistent with the Cu(II)-Cu(II) distance when oligomerization occurs.
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This content will become publicly available on March 19, 2025
Calcium mediated static and dynamic allostery in S100A12 : Implications for target recognition by S100 proteins
Structure and functions of S100 proteins are regulated by two distinct calcium binding EF hand motifs. In this work, we used solution‐state NMR spectroscopy to investigate the cooperativity between the two calcium binding sites and map the allosteric changes at the target binding site. To parse the contribution of the individual calcium binding events, variants of S100A12 were designed to selectively bind calcium to either the EF‐I (N63A) or EF‐II (E31A) loop, respectively. Detailed analysis of the backbone chemical shifts for wildtype protein and its mutants indicates that calcium binding to the canonical EF‐II loop is the principal trigger for the conformational switch between ‘closed’ apo to the ‘open’ Ca2+‐bound conformation of the protein. Elimination of binding in S100‐specific EF‐I loop has limited impact on the calcium binding affinity of the EF‐II loop and the concomitant structural rearrangement. In contrast, deletion of binding in the EF‐II loop significantly attenuates calcium affinity in the EF‐I loop and the structure adopts a ‘closed’ apo‐like conformation. Analysis of experimental amide nitrogen (15N) relaxation rates (
- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10496033
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Protein Science
- Volume:
- 33
- Issue:
- 4
- ISSN:
- 0961-8368
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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