Steep, boulder bed streams often contain sediment patches, which are areas of the bed with relatively well‐defined boundaries that are occupied by distinct grain size distributions (GSD). In sediment mixtures, the underlying GSD affects the critical Shields stress for a given grain size, which is commonly predicted using hiding functions. Hiding functions may vary with reach‐wide bed GSD, but the effect of local GSD on relative sediment mobility between sediment patches is poorly understood. We explore the effects of patch‐scale GSD on sediment mobility using tracer particles combined with local shear stresses to develop hiding functions for different patch classes within a steep stream. Hiding functions for all tested patch classes were similar, which indicates that the same hiding function can be used for different patches. However, the critical Shields stress for a given grain size generally decreased with lower patch median grain size (
This content will become publicly available on April 4, 2025
The dimensionless critical shear stress (
- Award ID(s):
- 1921790
- PAR ID:
- 10498963
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
- Volume:
- 49
- Issue:
- 7
- ISSN:
- 0197-9337
- Format(s):
- Medium: X Size: p. 2155-2170
- Size(s):
- p. 2155-2170
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
More Like this
-
Abstract D 50) suggesting that patches control the relative mobility of each size through both the underlying GSD and local shear stresses. The effects of the underlying GSD partly depend on grain protrusion, which we measured for all grain sizes present on each patch class. Protrusion was generally greater for larger grains regardless of patch class, but for a given grain size, protrusion was increased with smaller patchD 50. For a given grain size, higher protrusion results in greater applied fluid forces and reduced resisting forces to partly explain our lower critical Shields stresses in finer patches. Patches therefore can importantly modulate relative sediment mobility through bed structure and may need to be included in reach‐scale sediment transport and channel stability estimates. -
Abstract Estimates of the onset of sediment motion are integral for flood protection and river management but are often highly inaccurate. The critical shear stress (
τ * c ) for grain entrainment is often assumed constant, but measured values can vary by almost an order of magnitude between rivers. Such variations are typically explained by differences in measurement methodology, grain size distributions, or flow hydraulics, whereas grain resistance to motion is largely assumed to be constant. We demonstrate that grain resistance varies strongly with the bed structure, which is encapsulated by the particle height above surrounding sediment (protrusion,p ) and intergranular friction (ϕ f ). We incorporate these parameters into a novel theory that correctly predicts resisting forces estimated in the laboratory, field, and a numerical model. Our theory challenges existing models, which significantly overestimate bed mobility. In our theory, small changes inp andϕ f can induce large changes inτ * c without needing to invoke variations in measurement methods or grain size. A data compilation also reveals that scatter in empirical values ofτ * c can be partly explained by differences inp between rivers. Therefore, spatial and temporal variations in bed structure can partly explain the deviation ofτ * c from an assumed constant value. Given that bed structure is known to vary with applied shear stresses and upstream sediment supply, we conclude that a constantτ * c is unlikely. Values ofτ * c are not interchangeable between streams, or even through time in a given stream, because they are encoded with the channel history. -
Abstract To explore the causes of history‐dependent sediment transport in rivers, we use a 19‐year record of coarse sediment transport from a steep channel in Switzerland. We observe a strong dependence of the threshold for sediment motion (
τ c ) on the magnitude of previous flows for prior shear stresses ranging from 104 to 340 Pa, resulting in seasonally increasingτ c for 10 of 19 years. This stabilization occurs with and without measureable bedload transport, suggesting that small‐scale riverbed rearrangement increasesτ c . Following large transport events (>340 Pa), this history dependence is disrupted. Bedload tracers suggest that significant reorganization of the bed erases memory of previous flows. We suggest that the magnitude of past flows controls the organization of the bed, which then modifiesτ c , paralleling the evolution of granular media under shear. Our results support the use of a state function to better predict variability in bedload sediment transport rates. -
Abstract Estimating sediment transport in mountain rivers is challenging because of sediment supply limitation, broad grain size distributions, complex flow hydraulics, and large form drag. Consequently, sediment transport equations are lacking for application in rivers where the bed is coarse and largely immobile, but small fractions of finer, transportable sized material contribute disproportionately to bedload transport. We introduce a framework for estimating sediment transport in mountain rivers that addresses two limitations: estimating the shear stress acting on mobile grains, and accounting for the difference between mobility of size fractions, that is, whether or not a specific grain size can move at a given flow, and transportability, which we define as how
much of that size present in the bed will be recruited into transport. We use two bedload data sets to develop equations for predicting incipient motion and transport rates of each grain size fraction present in the bed. We tested the new equations against incipient motion and sediment transport data we collected from streams in the Rocky Mountains, USA, and against published regional sediment yield data. Using this method results in transport estimates where the finer fractions, despite being a small fraction of the bed surface, make up a large part of the total yield. Fractions greater than the median bed grain size are mobile only during peak flood flows, consistent with the existing mountain river bedload data sets. The approach is parsimonious, requiring only data that are often readily available or obtainable: a bed grain size distribution, hydraulic geometry measurements, and discharge. -
Abstract Flow resistance in mountain streams is important for assessing flooding hazard and quantifying sediment transport and bedrock incision in upland landscapes. In such settings, flow resistance is sensitive to grain‐scale roughness, which has traditionally been characterized by particle size distributions derived from laborious point counts of streambed sediment. Developing a general framework for rapid quantification of resistance in mountain streams is still a challenge. Here we present a semi‐automated workflow that combines millimeter‐ to centimeter‐scale structure‐from‐motion (SfM) photogrammetry surveys of bed topography and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to better evaluate surface roughness and rapidly quantify flow resistance in mountain streams. The workflow was applied to three field sites of gravel, cobble, and boulder‐bedded channels with a wide range of grain size, sorting, and shape. Large‐eddy simulations with body‐fitted meshes generated from SfM photogrammetry‐derived surfaces were performed to quantify flow resistance. The analysis of bed microtopography using a second‐order structure function identified three scaling regimes that corresponded to important roughness length scales and surface complexity contributing to flow resistance. The standard deviation
σ z of detrended streambed elevation normalized by water depth, as a proxy for the vertical roughness length scale, emerges as the primary control on flow resistance and is furthermore tied to the characteristic length scale of rough surface‐generated vortices. Horizontal length scales and surface complexity are secondary controls on flow resistance. A new resistance predictor linking water depth and vertical roughness scale, i.e.H /σ z , is proposed based on the comparison betweenσ z and the characteristic length scale of vortex shedding. In addition, representing streambeds using digital elevation models (DEM) is appropriate for well‐sorted streambeds, but not for poorly sorted ones under shallow and medium flow depth conditions due to the missing local overhanging features captured by fully 3D meshes which modulate local pressure gradient and thus bulk flow separation and pressure distribution. An appraisal of the mesh resolution effect on flow resistance shows that the SfM photogrammetry data resolution and the optimal CFD mesh size should be about 1/7 to 1/14 of the standard deviation of bed elevation. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.