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1. Analyzing Dynamic P-Q Capability and Operational Abnormalities of PMSG Wind Turbines

   https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS54024.2023.10406333  

   Rahman, Shahinur; Li, Shuhui; Das, Himadry Shekhar (October 2023, 2023 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS))

   With the proliferation of large-scale grid-connected wind farms, subsynchronous oscillations (SSOs) incidents associated with Type-4 wind turbines (WTs) with a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) occurred frequently. These incidents have caused severe reliability risks to the power grid. Conventionally, P-Q capability charts are utilized to ensure the safety operating region of a synchronous generator. However, a PMSG WT exhibits a complete different and dynamic P-Q capability characteristics due to the difference in energy conversion technique and several other critical factors related to the power converters of the WT. This paper presents a comprehensive dynamic P-Q capability study of a PMSG WT with sufficient and accurate considerations of the WT control and operation in the dq reference frame, its specific power converter constraints, variable grid conditions, etc. Models of a PMSG WT are first developed based on its control principle in the dq reference frame. Then, algorithms for obtaining the P-Q capability charts of the WT are developed with the considerations of complete WT constraints in different aspects. The proposed study is verified via an electromagnetic transient (EMT) model of a grid-connected Type-4 WT. 

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2. A Comprehensive P-Q Capability Study for Grid Interconnection of Inverter Based Resources Plant

   https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS54024.2023.10406385  

   Rahman, Shahinur; Li, Shuhui; Das, Himadry Shekhar (October 2023, 2023 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS))

   With the increased inverter-based resources (IBRs) connected to the grid, IBR P-Q capability charts are needed, proposed, and developed by the power industry to assure IBR operation efficiency and reliability. This paper presents a comprehensive P-Q capability evaluation for an IBR plant interconnected with the transmission grid. The proposed study considers the impact of different IBR grid-connected filters, IBR vector control implementation in the dq reference frame, and special interconnection nature of IBRs in a plant structure. The models and algorithms developed for the IBR P-Q capability analysis have considered specific IBR constraints that are different from those of a synchronous generator. The paper especially focuses on exploring the P-Q capability characteristics of IBRs and IBR plant at different interconnection points that are important for managing, designing, and controlling IBRs within an IBR plant, and for the development of international standards, such as IEEE P2800, for connecting IBRs to the transmission and distribution grids in a plant structure. 

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3. Implementing Inertial Control for PMSG-WTG in Region 2 using Virtual Synchronous Generator with Multiple Virtual Rotating Masses

   https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM40551.2019.8973788  

   Yan, Weihang; Gao, Wei; Gao, Wenzhong; Gevorgian, Vahan (August 2019, 2019 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM))

   null (Ed.)

   With the increasing integration of renewable energy, the problems associated with deteriorating grid frequency profile and potential power system instability have become more significant. In this paper, the inertial control algorithm using Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) is implemented on type-4 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) - wind turbine generator (WTG). The overall nonlinear dynamic model and its small-signal linearization of PMSG-WTG using VSG is established and comprehensively analyzed. Inevitably, the direct application of VSG introduces large inertia which causes conflict between the fast-varying of available wind power and inverter control with slow dynamics, particularly in region 2 of wind turbine. Aiming to address such issue, VSG with multiple virtual rotating masses is proposed in order to improve the active power tracking performance as well as to boost inertial control of a VSG. The inertial responses are verified in a modified 10MVA IEEE 14 bus microgrid system. The assessment of the simulation results demonstrates the applicability of VSG on renewable energy generation units. 

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4. Bi-Level Interturn Short-Circuit Fault Monitoring for Wind Turbine Generators With Benchmark Dataset Development

   https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4067056  

   Yan, Jingyi; Senemmar, Soroush; Zhang, Jie (April 2025, Journal of Mechanical Design)

   Abstract Flourished wind energy market pushes the latest wind turbines (WTs) to further and harsher inland and offshore environment. Increased operation and maintenance cost calls for more reliable and cost effective condition monitoring systems. In this article, a bi-level condition monitoring framework for interturn short-circuit faults (ITSCFs) in WT generators is proposed. A benchmark dataset, consisting of 75 ITSCF scenarios and generator current signals of a specific WT, has been created and made publicly available on Zenodo. The data are simulated at a rate of 4 kHz. Based on the time and frequency features extracted from data processing, machine learning-based severity estimation and faulty phase identification modules can provide valuable diagnostic information for wind farm operators. Specifically, the performance of long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, gated recurrent unit (GRU) networks, and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are analyzed and compared for severity estimation and faulty phase identification. For test-bed experimental reference, various numbers of scenarios for training the models are analyzed. Numerical experiments demonstrate the computational efficiency and robust denoising capability of the CNN algorithm. The GRU network, however, achieves the highest accuracy. The overall system performance improves significantly, from 87.76% with 16 training scenarios to 99.95% with 52 training scenarios, when tested on a set containing all 76 scenarios from an unforeseen period. 

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5. MIP Formulation for Type-III Wind Turbines Considering Control Limits

   https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS56150.2022.10012164  

   Alqahtani, Mohammed; Miao, Zhixin; Fan, Lingling (October 2022, 2022 North American Power Symposium (NAPS))

   Hitting control limits changes the behavior of the control systems and invalidates commonly adopted assumptions made when calculating the operating point of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbines (WTs). The current computing methods rely on trials and errors and iterations. This paper proposes an optimization-based algorithm with control limits integrated into the problem formulation. Hitting or not hitting a control limit is modeled as a binary variable. Both rotor-side converter (RSC) current order limits and grid-side converter (GSC) current order limits are modeled in the proposed mixed-integer programming (MIP) formulation. For a WT with given terminal voltage and wind speed, the electrical and mechanical variables of the system can be computed directly from the optimization problem. The proposed formulation has included losses in the back-to-back converters and nonzero reactive power support through GSC. The computing results have been validated with the electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation results. This formulation can help accurately detect whether control limits are hit for low voltage conditions and facilitate Type-III wind turbine fault ride through analysis. 

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