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Abstract We present the first observations of electrostatic solitary waves with electrostatic potential of negative polarity around a fast plasma flow in the Earth's plasma sheet. The solitary waves are observed aboard four Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft, which allowed accurately estimating solitary wave properties. Based on a data set of 153 solitary waves, we show that they are locally one‐dimensional Debye‐scale structures with amplitudes up to 20% of local electron temperature and they propagate at plasma frame speeds ranging from a tenth to a few ion‐acoustic speeds at arbitrary angles to the local magnetic field. The solitary waves are associated with multi‐component proton distributions and their velocities are around those of a beam‐like proton population. We argue that the solitary waves are ion holes, nonlinear structures produced by ion‐streaming instabilities, and conclude that once ions are not magnetized, ion holes can propagate oblique to local magnetic field.
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Slow Electron Holes in the Earth's Magnetosheath
We present a statistical analysis of electrostatic solitary waves observed aboard Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft in the Earth's magnetosheath. Applying single‐spacecraft interferometry to several hundred solitary waves collected in about 2‐minute interval, we show that almost all of them have the electrostatic potential of positive polarity and propagate quasi‐parallel to the local magnetic field with plasma frame velocities of the order of 100 km/s. The solitary waves have typical parallel half‐widths from 10 to 100 m that is between 1 and 10 Debye lengths and typical amplitudes of the electrostatic potential from 10 to 200 mV that is between 0.01% and 1% of local electron temperature. The solitary waves are associated with quasi‐Maxwellian ion velocity distribution functions, and their plasma frame velocities are comparable with ion thermal speed and well below electron thermal speed. We argue that the solitary waves of positive polarity are slow electron holes and estimate the time scale of their acceleration, which occurs due to interaction with ions, to be of the order of one second. The observation of slow electron holes indicates that their lifetime was shorter than the acceleration time scale. We argue that multi‐spacecraft interferometry applied previously to these solitary waves is not applicable because of their too‐short spatial scales. The source of the slow electron holes and the role in electron‐ion energy exchange remain to be established.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2026680
- PAR ID:
- 10504270
- Publisher / Repository:
- American Geophysical Union
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
- Volume:
- 129
- Issue:
- 3
- ISSN:
- 2169-9380
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JA032059
