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1. Lexical Feedback in the Time-Invariant String Kernel (TISK) Model of Spoken Word Recognition

   https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.362  

   Magnuson, James S; You, Heejo; Hannagan, Thomas (January 2024, Journal of Cognition)

   The Time-Invariant String Kernel (TISK) model of spoken word recognition (Hannagan, Magnuson & Grainger, 2013; You & Magnuson, 2018) is an interactive activation model with many similarities to TRACE (McClelland & Elman, 1986). However, by replacing most time-specific nodes in TRACE with time-invariant open-diphone nodes, TISK uses orders of magnitude fewer nodes and connections than TRACE. Although TISK performed remarkably similarly to TRACE in simulations reported by Hannagan et al., the original TISK implementation did not include lexical feedback, precluding simulation of top-down effects, and leaving open the possibility that adding feedback to TISK might fundamentally alter its performance. Here, we demonstrate that when lexical feedback is added to TISK, it gains the ability to simulate top-down effects without losing the ability to simulate the fundamental phenomena tested by Hannagan et al. Furthermore, with feedback, TISK demonstrates graceful degradation when noise is added to input, although parameters can be found that also promote (less) graceful degradation without feedback. We review arguments for and against feedback in cognitive architectures, and conclude that feedback provides a computationally efficient basis for robust constraint-based processing. 

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2. Contra assertions, feedback improves word recognition: How feedback and lateral inhibition sharpen signals over noise

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105661  

   Magnuson, James S; Crinnion, Anne Marie; Luthra, Sahil; Gaston, Phoebe; Grubb, Samantha (January 2024, Cognition)

   Whether top-down feedback modulates perception has deep implications for cognitive theories. Debate has been vigorous in the domain of spoken word recognition, where competing computational models and agreement on at least one diagnostic experimental paradigm suggest that the debate may eventually be resolvable. Norris and Cutler (2021) revisit arguments against lexical feedback in spoken word recognition models. They also incorrectly claim that recent computational demonstrations that feedback promotes accuracy and speed under noise (Magnuson et al., 2018) were due to the use of the Luce choice rule rather than adding noise to inputs (noise was in fact added directly to inputs). They also claim that feedback cannot improve word recognition because feedback cannot distinguish signal from noise. We have two goals in this paper. First, we correct the record about the simulations of Magnuson et al. (2018). Second, we explain how interactive activation models selectively sharpen signals via joint effects of feedback and lateral inhibition that boost lexically-coherent sublexical patterns over noise. We also review a growing body of behavioral and neural results consistent with feedback and inconsistent with autonomous (non-feedback) architectures, and conclude that parsimony supports feedback. We close by discussing the potential for synergy between autonomous and interactive approaches. 

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3. Stream-specific feedback inputs to the primate primary visual cortex

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20505-5  

   Federer, Frederick; Ta’afua, Seminare; Merlin, Sam; Hassanpour, Mahlega S.; Angelucci, Alessandra (January 2021, Nature Communications)

   Abstract The sensory neocortex consists of hierarchically-organized areas reciprocally connected via feedforward and feedback circuits. Feedforward connections shape the receptive field properties of neurons in higher areas within parallel streams specialized in processing specific stimulus attributes. Feedback connections have been implicated in top-down modulations, such as attention, prediction and sensory context. However, their computational role remains unknown, partly because we lack knowledge about rules of feedback connectivity to constrain models of feedback function. For example, it is unknown whether feedback connections maintain stream-specific segregation, or integrate information across parallel streams. Using viral-mediated labeling of feedback connections arising from specific cytochrome-oxidase stripes of macaque visual area V2, here we show that feedback to the primary visual cortex (V1) is organized into parallel streams resembling the reciprocal feedforward pathways. This suggests that functionally-specialized V2 feedback channels modulate V1 responses to specific stimulus attributes, an organizational principle potentially extending to feedback pathways in other sensory systems. 

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4. Tree diversity enhances predation by birds but not by arthropods across climate gradients

   https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14427  

   Vázquez‐González, Carla; Castagneyrol, Bastien; Muiruri, Evalyne_W; Barbaro, Luc; Abdala‐Roberts, Luis; Barsoum, Nadia; Fründ, Jochen; Glynn, Carolyn; Jactel, Hervé; McShea, William_J; et al (May 2024, Ecology Letters)

   Abstract Tree diversity can promote both predator abundance and diversity. However, whether this translates into increased predation and top‐down control of herbivores across predator taxonomic groups and contrasting environmental conditions remains unresolved. We used a global network of tree diversity experiments (TreeDivNet) spread across three continents and three biomes to test the effects of tree species richness on predation across varying climatic conditions of temperature and precipitation. We recorded bird and arthropod predation attempts on plasticine caterpillars in monocultures and tree species mixtures. Both tree species richness and temperature increased predation by birds but not by arthropods. Furthermore, the effects of tree species richness on predation were consistent across the studied climatic gradient. Our findings provide evidence that tree diversity strengthens top‐down control of insect herbivores by birds, underscoring the need to implement conservation strategies that safeguard tree diversity to sustain ecosystem services provided by natural enemies in forests. 

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5. Quark and lepton modular models from the binary dihedral flavor symmetry

   https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP05(2024)119  

   Arriaga-Osante, Carlos; Liu, Xiang-Gan; Ramos-Sánchez, Saúl (May 2024, Journal of High Energy Physics)

   A<sc>bstract</sc> Inspired by the structure of top-down derived models endowed with modular flavor symmetries, we investigate the yet phenomenologically unexplored binary dihedral group 2D₃. After building the vector-valued modular forms in the representations of 2D₃with small modular weights, we systematically classify all (Dirac and Majorana) mass textures of fermions with fractional modular weights and all possible 2 + 1-family structures. This allows us to explore the parameter space of fermion models based on 2D₃, aiming at a description of both quarks and leptons with a minimal number of parameters and best compatibility with observed data. We consider the separate possibilities of neutrino masses generated by either a type-I seesaw mechanism or the Weinberg operator. We identify a model that, besides fitting all known flavor observables, delivers predictions for six not-yet measured parameters and favors normal-ordered neutrino masses generated by the Weinberg operator. It would be interesting to figure out whether it is possible to embed our model within a top-down scheme, such as$${\mathbb{T}}^{2}/{\mathbb{Z}}_{4}$$heterotic orbifold compactifications. 

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