Abstract A series of new isoxazole‐substituted aryl iodides1 a–1 dhave been synthesized by DIB‐mediated [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of 2‐iodo‐1,3‐bis(prop‐2‐yn‐1‐yloxy) benzene (4) with corresponding benzaldehyde oximes5 a–5 d. Structure of the synthesized aryl iodides1were characterized by IR,1H NMR,13C NMR and HRMS. The structure of1 awas also confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. Further, catalytic activity of iodoarenes1 a–1 dwas screened for the oxidation of hydroquinones and sulfides. On oxidation using aryl iodides1withm‐CPBA as terminal oxidant, hydroquinones afforded benzoquinones while sulfides gave corresponding sulfoxides in good to excellent yields. Iodoarene1 bshowed the best catalytic activity for the oxidation of sulfides and hydroquinones. Moreover, iodoarene1 b, was also utilized for α‐oxytosylation of acetophenones.
more »
« less
Structure–Activity Relationships for Hypervalent Iodine Electrocatalysis
Abstract The design and optimization of novel electrocatalysts requires robust structure–activity data to correlate catalyst structure with electrochemical behavior. Aryl iodides have been gaining attention as metal-free electrocatalysts but experimental data are available for only a limited set of structures. Herein we report electrochemical data for a family of 70 aryl iodides. Half-peak potentials are utilized as proxies for reduction potentials and reveal that, despite differences in electrochemical reversibility, the potential for one-electron oxidation of 4-substituted aryl iodides to the corresponding iodanyl radicals is well-correlated with standard Hammett parameters. Additional data are presented for 3- and 2-substituted aryl iodides, including structures with potentially chelating 2-substituents that are commonly encountered in hypervalent iodine reagents. Finally, potential decomposition processes relevant to the (in)stability of iodanyl radicals are presented. We anticipate that the collected data will advance the design and application of aryl iodide electrocatalysis.
more »
« less
- Award ID(s):
- 1848135
- PAR ID:
- 10509872
- Publisher / Repository:
- Thieme
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Synthesis
- Volume:
- 55
- Issue:
- 18
- ISSN:
- 0039-7881
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 3019 to 3025
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
More Like this
-
-
A unique C(sp 3 )–H/C(sp 3 )–H dehydrocoupling of N -benzylimines with saturated heterocycles is described. Using super electron donor (SED) 2-azaallyl anions and aryl iodides as electron acceptors, single-electron-transfer (SET) generates an aryl radical. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) from saturated heterocycles or toluenes to the aryl radical generates alkyl radicals or benzylic radicals, respectively. The newly formed alkyl radicals and benzylic radicals couple with the 2-azaallyl radicals with formation of new C–C bonds. Experimental evidence supports the key hydrogen-abstraction by the aryl radical, which determines the chemoselectivity of the radical–radical coupling reaction. It is noteworthy that this procedure avoids the use of traditional strong oxidants and transition metals.more » « less
-
Acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts that provide high activity, lower costs, and long-term stability are needed for the wide-scale adoption of proton-exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolyzers for generating hydrogen through electrochemical water splitting. We report the effects of chromium substitution and temperature treatments on the structure, OER activity, and electrochemical stability of ruthenium oxide (RuO2) aerogel OER electrocatalysts. RuO2 and Cr-substituted RuO2 aerogels (Ru0.6Cr0.4O2) were synthesized using sol–gel chemistry and then thermally treated at different temperatures. Introducing chromium into the synthesis increased the surface area (7–11 times higher) and pore volume (5–6 times higher) relative to RuO2 aerogels. X-ray diffraction analysis is consistent with s that Cr was substituted into the rutile RuO2 structure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that trivalent Cr substitution altered the surface electronic structure and ratio of surface hydroxides. The specific capacitance values of Cr-substituted RuO2 aerogels were consistent with charge storage within a hydrous surface. Cr-substituted RuO2 aerogels exhibited 26 times the OER mass activity and 3.5 times the OER specific activity of RuO2 aerogels. Electrochemical stability tests show that Cr-substituted RuO2 aerogels exhibit similar stability to commercial RuO2. Understanding how metal substituents can be used to alter OER activity and stability furthers our ability to obtain highly active, durable, and lower-cost OER electrocatalysts for PEM electrolyzers.more » « less
-
Investigations into the reactivity, properties, and applications of osmium(IV) tetraaryl complexes have been hampered by their low yielding syntheses from volatile and toxic OsO4 (typically ≤34%). Here we show that known air-stable M(aryl)4 compounds (M = Os, Ru; aryl = 2-tolyl, 2,5-xylyl) can be prepared in ≤73% yields using new, less hazardous (Oct4N)2[MX6] precursors (M = Os, Ru; X = Cl, Br). This approach also facilitates the preparation of Os(mesityl)4 (Os3) for the first time, a complex comprising bulky 2,6-dimethyl substituted aryl ligands, albeit in low yield (5%). To better understand these yield extremes, we track, by synthesizing two additional new complexes with different 2-substituted σ-aryl ligands, a clear relationship between the yields of Os(aryl)4 and ligand steric bulk. Single-crystal X-ray structures of these compounds indicate that the observed yield trend reflects the ease of accommodating aryl substituents into an open pocket that lies directly opposite each M-aryl coordination site. We perform variable-temperature 1H NMR studies of Os3, utilize a "tetrahedricity" metric to assess geometric distortion in Ru(aryl)4 and Os(aryl)4 materials, and calculate cone angle and percentage buried volume metrics to further illustrate and help quantify -aryl ligand steric properties. Solution cyclic voltammograms of Os(aryl)4 show that the potentials of their reversible 1−/0 and 0/1+ redox features can be fine-tuned by varying aryl substituents, and that Os3 exhibits an additional 1+/2+ redox event not previously observed in this class of compounds. Taken together, this work helps to advance the potential application of these relatively underexplored organometallic complexes in established and emerging areas of molecular materials science, such as extended molecular frameworks and self-assembled monolayers, where analogous tetraphenylmethane and silane species (M = C, Si) have been frequently targeted.more » « less
-
The transition metal-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck reaction is a powerful method to synthesize C–C bonds, allowing access to several important pharmaceuticals. Traditionally free amines have not been compatible with these approaches due to oxidation of the amine by the transition metal or other side reactions. However, the functionalization of unprotected allylamines is particularly attractive due to their prevalence in various biologically active molecules. Herein we report the palladium-catalyzed selective monoarylation of free allylamines using aryl iodides. The strategy works on primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, making it very general. Our monoarylation method is scalable and works on aryl iodides with a variety of substituted arene or heterocycle motifs, including chromophoric substrates.more » « less
An official website of the United States government

