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1. DeepMapping: Learned Data Mapping for Lossless Compression and Efficient Lookup

   https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDE60146.2024.00008  

   Zhou, Lixi; Candan, K Selçuk; Zou, Jia (May 2024, IEEE)

   Storing tabular data to balance storage and query efficiency is a long-standing research question in the database community. In this work, we argue and show that a novel DeepMapping abstraction, which relies on the impressive memorization capabilities of deep neural networks, can provide better storage cost, better latency, and better run-time memory footprint, all at the same time. Such unique properties may benefit a broad class of use cases in capacity-limited devices. Our proposed DeepMapping abstraction transforms a dataset into multiple key-value mappings and constructs a multi-tasking neural network model that outputs the corresponding values for a given input key. To deal with memorization errors, DeepMapping couples the learned neural network with a lightweight auxiliary data structure capable of correcting mistakes. The auxiliary structure design further enables DeepMapping to efficiently deal with insertions, deletions, and updates even without retraining the mapping. We propose a multi-task search strategy for selecting the hybrid DeepMapping structures (including model architecture and auxiliary structure) with a desirable trade-off among memorization capacity, size, and efficiency. Extensive experiments with a real-world dataset, synthetic and benchmark datasets, including TPC-H and TPC-DS, demonstrated that the DeepMapping approach can better balance the retrieving speed and compression ratio against several cutting-edge competitors. 

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2. Network of Tensor Time Series

   Baoyu Jing, Hanghang Tong (April 2021, TheWebConf)

   null (Ed.)

   Co-evolving time series appears in a multitude of applications such as environmental monitoring, financial analysis, and smart transportation. This paper aims to address the following three challenges, including (C1) how to effectively model its multi-mode tensor structure at each time step; (C2) how to incorporate explicit relationship networks of the time series; (C3) how to model the implicit relationship of the temporal dynamics. We propose a novel model called Network of Tensor Time Series, which is comprised of two modules, including Tensor Graph Convolutional Network (TGCN) and Tensor Recurrent Neural Network (TRNN). TGCN tackles the first two challenges by generalizing Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) for flat graphs to tensor graphs, which captures the synergy between multiple graphs associated with the tensors. TRNN leverages tensor decomposition to balance the trade-off between the commonality and specificity of the co-evolving time series. The experimental results on five real-world datasets demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. 

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3. Mitigating Memorization of Noisy Labels via Regularization between Representations

   Cheng, Hao; Zhu, Zhaowei; Sun, Xing; Liu, Yang (January 2023, International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR))

   Designing robust loss functions is popular in learning with noisy labels while existing designs did not explicitly consider the overfitting property of deep neural networks (DNNs). As a result, applying these losses may still suffer from overfitting/memorizing noisy labels as training proceeds. In this paper, we first theoretically analyze the memorization effect and show that a lower-capacity model may perform better on noisy datasets. However, it is non-trivial to design a neural network with the best capacity given an arbitrary task. To circumvent this dilemma, instead of changing the model architecture, we decouple DNNs into an encoder followed by a linear classifier and propose to restrict the function space of a DNN by a representation regularizer. Particularly, we require the distance between two self-supervised features to be positively related to the distance between the corresponding two supervised model outputs. Our proposed framework is easily extendable and can incorporate many other robust loss functions to further improve performance. Extensive experiments and theoretical analyses support our claims. Code is available at https://github.com/UCSC-REAL/SelfSup_NoisyLabel. 

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4. PermDNN: Efficient Compressed DNN Architecture with Permuted Diagonal Matrices

   https://doi.org/10.1109/MICRO.2018.00024  

   Deng, Chunhua; Liao, Siyu; Xie, Yi; Parhi, Keshab K.; Qian, Xuehai; Yuan, Bo (October 2018, Proc. 51st Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO))

   Deep neural network (DNN) has emerged as the most important and popular artificial intelligent (AI) technique. The growth of model size poses a key energy efficiency challenge for the underlying computing platform. Thus, model compression becomes a crucial problem. However, the current approaches are limited by various drawbacks. Specifically, network sparsification approach suffers from irregularity, heuristic nature and large indexing overhead. On the other hand, the recent structured matrix-based approach (i.e., CIRCNN) is limited by the relatively complex arithmetic computation (i.e., FFT), less flexible compression ratio, and its inability to fully utilize input sparsity. To address these drawbacks, this paper proposes PERMDNN, a novel approach to generate and execute hardware-friendly structured sparse DNN models using permuted diagonal matrices. Compared with unstructured sparsification approach, PERMDNN eliminates the drawbacks of indexing overhead, nonheuristic compression effects and time-consuming retraining. Compared with circulant structure-imposing approach, PERMDNN enjoys the benefits of higher reduction in computational complexity, flexible compression ratio, simple arithmetic computation and full utilization of input sparsity. We propose PERMDNN architecture, a multi-processing element (PE) fully connected (FC) layer-targeted computing engine. The entire architecture is highly scalable and flexible, and hence it can support the needs of different applications with different model configurations. We implement a 32-PE design using CMOS 28nm technology. Compared with EIE, PERMDNN achieves 3:3x-4:8x higher throughout, 5:9x-8:5x better area efficiency and 2:8x-4:0x better energy efficiency on different workloads. Compared with CIRCNN, PERMDNN achieves 11:51x higher throughput and 3:89x better energy efficiency. 

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5. AQUAMAN: An Analytic-Query Offloading Machine

   Xu, Shuotao; Bourgeat, Thomas; Huang, Tianhao; Kim, Hojun; Lee, Sungjin.; Arvind, A. (October 2020, Proceedings of the 53rd Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture)

   null (Ed.)

   Analytic workloads on terabyte data-sets are often run in the cloud, where application and storage servers are separate and connected via network. In order to saturate the storage bandwidth and to hide the long storage latency, such a solution requires an expensive server cluster with sufficient aggregate DRAM capacity and hardware threads. An alternative solution is to push the query computation into storage servers. In this paper we present an in-storage Analytics QUery Offloading MAchiNe (AQUOMAN) to “offload” most SQL operators, including multi-way joins, to SSDs. AQUOMAN executes Table Tasks, which apply a static dataflow graph of SQL operators to relational tables to produce an output table. Table Tasks use a streaming computation model, which allows AQUOMAN to process queries with a reasonable amount of DRAM for intermediate results. AQUOMAN is a general analytic query processor, which can be integrated in the database software stack transparently. We have built a prototype of AQUOMAN in FPGAs, and using TPC-H benchmarks on 1TB data sets, shown that a single instance of 1TB AQUOMAN disk, on average, can free up 70% CPU cycles and reduce DRAM usage by 60%. One way to visualize this saving is to think that if we run queries sequentially and ignore inter-query page cache reuse, MonetDB running on a 4-core, 16GB-DRAM machine with AQUOMAN augmented SSDs performs, on average, as well as a MonetDB running on a 32-core, 128GB-DRAM machine with standard SSDs. 

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