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Abstract A paradigm in the plant defence literature is that defending against herbivores comes at a cost to growth, resulting in a growth–defence trade‐off. However, while there is strong evidence for growth–defence trade‐offs across species, evidence is mixed within species.Several mechanisms can account for this equivocal support within species, but teasing them apart requires examining growth–defence relationships both within and among populations, an approach seldom employed.We examined correlations between plant biomass (growth) and terpene production (defence) within and among populations ofMonarda fistulosa, a perennial herb. We sampled populations from Montana and Wisconsin, regions that differ in resource availability characterized by different summer precipitation and associated abiotic conditions that influence plant productivity.We found negative, neutral and positive growth–defence correlations, depending on the scale examined. Negative correlations occurred across populations originating from divergent regions, positive correlations occurred across populations originating from within the high‐resource region and neutral correlations were found within single populations.Collectively, these results challenge the general expectation of ubiquitous trade‐offs and support emerging views that resource availability (as it affects productivity) shapes the evolution of defence at different scales. A freePlain Language Summarycan be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
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High yield co-production of isobutanol and ethanol from switchgrass: experiments, and process synthesis and analysis
Hybrid yeast strain co-produces isobutanol and ethanol at high yields. Reducing hydrolysis enzyme loading and enhancing xylose conversion greatly impact the economic potential of the biorefinery.
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- PAR ID:
- 10515801
- Publisher / Repository:
- Royal Society of Chemistry
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Sustainable Energy & Fuels
- Volume:
- 7
- Issue:
- 14
- ISSN:
- 2398-4902
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 3266 to 3275
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1039/d2se01741e
