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The advent of diverse frequency bands in 5G networks has promoted measurement studies focused on 5G signal propagation, aiming to understand its pathloss, coverage, and channel quality characteristics. Nonetheless, conducting a thorough 5G measurement campaign is markedly laborious given the large number of 5G measurement samples that must be collected. To alleviate this burden, the present contribution leverages principled active learning (AL) methods to prudently select only a few, yet most informative locations to collect 5G measurements. The core idea is to rely on a Gaussian Process (GP) model to efficiently extrapolate 5G measurements throughout the coverage area. Specifically, an ensemble (E) of GP models is adopted that not only provides a rich learning function space, but also quantifies uncertainty, and can offer accurate predictions. Building on this EGP model, a suite of acquisition functions (AFs) are advocated to query new locations on-the-fly. To account for realistic 5G measurement campaigns, the proposed AFs are augmented with a novel distance-based AL rule that selects informative samples, while penalizing queries at long distances. Numerical tests on 5G data generated by the Sionna simulator and on real urban and suburban datasets, showcase the merits of the novel EGP-AL approaches.
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Weighted Ensembles for Adaptive Active Learning
Labeled data can be expensive to acquire in several application domains, including medical imaging, robotics, computer vision and wireless networks to list a few. To efficiently train machine learning models under such high labeling costs, active learning (AL) judiciously selects the most informative data instances to label on-the-fly. This active sampling process can benefit from a statistical function model, that is typically captured by a Gaussian process (GP) with well-documented merits especially in the regression task. While most GP-based AL approaches rely on a single kernel function, the present contribution advocates an ensemble of GP (EGP) models with weights adapted to the labeled data collected incrementally. Building on this novel EGP model, a suite of acquisition functions emerges based on the uncertainty and disagreement rules. An adaptively weighted ensemble of EGP-based acquisition functions is advocated to further robustify performance. Extensive tests on synthetic and real datasets in the regression task showcase the merits of the proposed EGP-based approaches with respect to the single GP-based AL alternatives.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2212318
- PAR ID:
- 10518969
- Publisher / Repository:
- IEEE
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- IEEE transactions on signal processing
- ISSN:
- 1053-587X
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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