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  • Testing hadronic-model predictions of depth of maximum of air-shower profiles and ground-particle signals using hybrid data of the Pierre Auger Observatory

This content will become publicly available on May 1, 2025

Title: Testing hadronic-model predictions of depth of maximum of air-shower profiles and ground-particle signals using hybrid data of the Pierre Auger Observatory

We test the predictions of hadronic interaction models regarding the depth of maximum of air-shower profiles,Xmax, and ground-particle signals in water-Cherenkov detectors at 1000 m from the shower core,S(1000), using the data from the fluorescence and surface detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The test consists of fitting the measured two-dimensional (S(1000),Xmax) distributions using templates for simulated air showers produced with hadronic interaction models pos-, et--04, 2.3d and leaving the scales of predictedXmaxand the signals from hadronic component at ground as free-fit parameters. The method relies on the assumption that the mass composition remains the same at all zenith angles, while the longitudinal shower development and attenuation of ground signal depend on the mass composition in a correlated way. The analysis was applied to 2239 events detected by both the fluorescence and surface detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory with energies between1018.5  eVto1019.0  eVand zenith angles below 60°. We found, that within the assumptions of the method, the best description of the data is achieved if the predictions of the hadronic interaction models are shifted to deeperXmaxvalues and larger hadronic signals at all zenith angles. Given the magnitude of the shifts and the data sample size, the statistical significance of the improvement of data description using the modifications considered in the paper is larger than5σeven for any linear combination of experimental systematic uncertainties.

Published by the American Physical Society2024  more » « less
Award ID(s):
2110925 2012991 2111359 2112527
PAR ID:
10523311
Author(s) / Creator(s):
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more » ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; « less
Corporate Creator(s):
Publisher / Repository:
PRD
Date Published:
Journal Name:
Physical Review D
Volume:
109
Issue:
10
ISSN:
2470-0010
Format(s):
Medium: X
Sponsoring Org:
National Science Foundation
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Allekotte, I, Almeida_Cheminant, K, Almela, A, Aloisio, R, Alvarez-Muñiz, J, Ammerman_Yebra, J, Anastasi, G A, Anchordoqui, L, Andrada, B, Andringa, S, Apollonio, L, Aramo, C, Araújo_Ferreira, P R, Arnone, E, Arteaga_Velázquez, J C, Assis, P, Avila, G, Avocone, E, Bakalova, A, Barbato, F, Bartz_Mocellin, A, Bellido, J A, Berat, C, Bertaina, M E, Bhatta, G, Bianciotto, M, Biermann, P L, Binet, V, Bismark, K, Bister, T, Biteau, J, Blazek, J, Bleve, C, Blümer, J, Boháčová, M, Boncioli, D, Bonifazi, C, Bonneau_Arbeletche, L, Borodai, N, Brack, J, Brichetto_Orchera, P G, Briechle, F L, Bueno, A, Buitink, S, Buscemi, M, Büsken, M, Bwembya, A, Caballero-Mora, K S, Cabana-Freire, S, Caccianiga, L, Campuzano, F, Caruso, R, Castellina, A, Catalani, F, Cataldi, G, Cazon, L, Cerda, M, Cermenati, A, Chinellato, J A, Chudoba, J, Chytka, L, Clay, R W, Cobos_Cerutti, A C, Colalillo, R, Coluccia, M R, Conceição, R, Condorelli, A, Consolati, G, Conte, M, Convenga, F, Correia_dos_Santos, D, Costa, P J, Covault, C E, Cristinziani, M, Cruz_Sanchez, C S, Dasso, S, Daumiller, K, Dawson, B R, de_Almeida, R M, de_Jesús, J, de_Jong, S J, de_Mello_Neto, J_R T, De_Mitri, I, de_Oliveira, J, de_Oliveira_Franco, D, de_Palma, F, de_Souza, V, de_Souza_de_Errico, B P, De_Vito, E, Del_Popolo, A, Deligny, O, Denner, N, Deval, L, di_Matteo, A, Dobre, M, Dobrigkeit, C, D’Olivo, J C, Domingues_Mendes, L M, Dorosti, Q, dos_Anjos, J C, dos_Anjos, R C, Ebr, J, Ellwanger, F, Emam, M, Engel, R, Epicoco, I, Erdmann, M, Etchegoyen, A, Evoli, C, Falcke, H, Farrar, G, Fauth, A C, Fazzini, N, Feldbusch, F, Fenu, F, Fernandes, A, Fick, B, Figueira, J M, Filipčič, A, Fitoussi, T, Flaggs, B, Fodran, T, Fujii, T, Fuster, A, Galea, C, Galelli, C, García, B, Gaudu, C, Gemmeke, H, Gesualdi, F, Gherghel-Lascu, A, Ghia, P L, Giaccari, U, Glombitza, J, Gobbi, F, Gollan, F, Golup, G, Gómez_Berisso, M, Gómez_Vitale, P F, Gongora, J P, González, J M, González, N, Góra, D, Gorgi, A, Gottowik, M, Grubb, T D, Guarino, F, Guedes, G P, Guido, E, Gülzow, L, Hahn, S, Hamal, P, Hampel, M R, Hansen, P, Harari, D, Harvey, V M, Haungs, A, Hebbeker, T, Hojvat, C, Hörandel, J R, Horvath, P, Hrabovský, M, Huege, T, Insolia, A, Isar, P G, Janecek, P, Jilek, V, Johnsen, J A, Jurysek, J, Kampert, K-H, Keilhauer, B, Khakurdikar, A, Kizakke_Covilakam, V V, Klages, H O, Kleifges, M, Knapp, F, Köhler, J, Kunka, N, Lago, B L, Langner, N, Leigui_de_Oliveira, M A, Lema-Capeans, Y, Letessier-Selvon, A, Lhenry-Yvon, I, Lopes, L, Lu, L, Luce, Q, Lundquist, J P, Machado_Payeras, A, Majercakova, M, Mandat, D, Manning, B C, Mantsch, P, Mariani, F M, Mariazzi, A G, Mariş, I C, Marsella, G, Martello, D, Martinelli, S, Martínez_Bravo, O, Martins, M A, Mathes, H-J, Matthews, J, Matthiae, G, Mayotte, E, Mayotte, S, Mazur, P O, Medina-Tanco, G, Meinert, J, Melo, D, Menshikov, A, Merx, C, Michal, S, Micheletti, M I, Miramonti, L, Mollerach, S, Montanet, F, Morejon, L, Morello, C, Mulrey, K, Mussa, R, Namasaka, W M, Negi, S, Nellen, L, Nguyen, K, Nicora, G, Niechciol, M, Nitz, D, Nosek, D, Novotny, V, Nožka, L, Nucita, A, Núñez, L A, Oliveira, C, Palatka, M, Pallotta, J, Panja, S, Parente, G, Paulsen, T, Pawlowsky, J, Pech, M, Pȩkala, J, Pelayo, R, Pereira, L_A S, Pereira_Martins, E E, Perez_Armand, J, Pérez_Bertolli, C, Perrone, L, Petrera, S, Petrucci, C, Pierog, T, Pimenta, M, Platino, M, Pont, B, Pothast, M, Pourmohammad_Shahvar, M, Privitera, P, Prouza, M, Querchfeld, S, Rautenberg, J, Ravignani, D, Reginatto_Akim, J V, Reininghaus, M, Ridky, J, Riehn, F, Risse, M, Rizi, V, Rodrigues_de_Carvalho, W, Rodriguez, E, Rodriguez_Rojo, J, Roncoroni, M J, Rossoni, S, Roth, M, Roulet, E, Rovero, A C, Ruehl, P, Saftoiu, A, Saharan, M, Salamida, F, Salazar, H, Salina, G, Sanabria_Gomez, J D, Sánchez, F, Santos, E M, Santos, E, Sarazin, F, Sarmento, R, Sato, R, Savina, P, Schäfer, C M, Scherini, V, Schieler, H, Schimassek, M, Schimp, M, Schmidt, D, Scholten, O, Schoorlemmer, H, Schovánek, P, Schröder, F G, Schulte, J, Schulz, T, Sciutto, S J, Scornavacche, M, Sedoski, A, Segreto, A, Sehgal, S, Shivashankara, S U, Sigl, G, Silli, G, Sima, O, Simkova, K, Simon, F, Smau, R, Šmída, R, Sommers, P, Soriano, J F, Squartini, R, Stadelmaier, M, Stanič, S, Stasielak, J, Stassi, P, Strähnz, S, Straub, M, Suomijärvi, T, Supanitsky, A D, Svozilikova, Z, Szadkowski, Z, Tairli, F, Tapia, A, Taricco, C, Timmermans, C, Tkachenko, O, Tobiska, P, Todero_Peixoto, C J, Tomé, B, Torrès, Z, Travaini, A, Travnicek, P, Trimarelli, C, Tueros, M, Unger, M, Vaclavek, L, Vacula, M, Valdés_Galicia, J F, Valore, L, Varela, E, Vásquez-Ramírez, A, Veberič, D, Ventura, C, Vergara_Quispe, I D, Verzi, V, Vicha, J, Vink, J, Vorobiov, S, Watanabe, C, Watson, A A, Weindl, A, Wiencke, L, Wilczyński, H, Wittkowski, D, Wundheiler, B, Yue, B, Yushkov, A, Zapparrata, O, Zas, E, Zavrtanik, D, and Zavrtanik, M. <em>Testing hadronic-model predictions of depth of maximum of air-shower profiles and ground-particle signals using hybrid data of the Pierre Auger Observatory</em>. Retrieved from https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10523311. <em>Physical Review D</em> 109.10 Web. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.109.102001. </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-default" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">Close</button> </div> </div> </div> </div></li> <li class="links-format"><a href="#cite-apa" data-toggle="modal">APA</a> <div id="cite-apa" class="modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="cite-apa_label" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">×</button> <strong id="cite-apa_label">Cite: APA Format</strong> </div> <div class="modal-body">Abdul_Halim, A, Abreu, P, Aglietta, M, Allekotte, I, Almeida_Cheminant, K, Almela, A, Aloisio, R, Alvarez-Muñiz, J, Ammerman_Yebra, J, Anastasi, G A, Anchordoqui, L, Andrada, B, Andringa, S, Apollonio, L, Aramo, C, Araújo_Ferreira, P R, Arnone, E, Arteaga_Velázquez, J C, Assis, P, Avila, G, Avocone, E, Bakalova, A, Barbato, F, Bartz_Mocellin, A, Bellido, J A, Berat, C, Bertaina, M E, Bhatta, G, Bianciotto, M, Biermann, P L, Binet, V, Bismark, K, Bister, T, Biteau, J, Blazek, J, Bleve, C, Blümer, J, Boháčová, M, Boncioli, D, Bonifazi, C, Bonneau_Arbeletche, L, Borodai, N, Brack, J, Brichetto_Orchera, P G, Briechle, F L, Bueno, A, Buitink, S, Buscemi, M, Büsken, M, Bwembya, A, Caballero-Mora, K S, Cabana-Freire, S, Caccianiga, L, Campuzano, F, Caruso, R, Castellina, A, Catalani, F, Cataldi, G, Cazon, L, Cerda, M, Cermenati, A, Chinellato, J A, Chudoba, J, Chytka, L, Clay, R W, Cobos_Cerutti, A C, Colalillo, R, Coluccia, M R, Conceição, R, Condorelli, A, Consolati, G, Conte, M, Convenga, F, Correia_dos_Santos, D, Costa, P J, Covault, C E, Cristinziani, M, Cruz_Sanchez, C S, Dasso, S, Daumiller, K, Dawson, B R, de_Almeida, R M, de_Jesús, J, de_Jong, S J, de_Mello_Neto, J_R T, De_Mitri, I, de_Oliveira, J, de_Oliveira_Franco, D, de_Palma, F, de_Souza, V, de_Souza_de_Errico, B P, De_Vito, E, Del_Popolo, A, Deligny, O, Denner, N, Deval, L, di_Matteo, A, Dobre, M, Dobrigkeit, C, D’Olivo, J C, Domingues_Mendes, L M, Dorosti, Q, dos_Anjos, J C, dos_Anjos, R C, Ebr, J, Ellwanger, F, Emam, M, Engel, R, Epicoco, I, Erdmann, M, Etchegoyen, A, Evoli, C, Falcke, H, Farrar, G, Fauth, A C, Fazzini, N, Feldbusch, F, Fenu, F, Fernandes, A, Fick, B, Figueira, J M, Filipčič, A, Fitoussi, T, Flaggs, B, Fodran, T, Fujii, T, Fuster, A, Galea, C, Galelli, C, García, B, Gaudu, C, Gemmeke, H, Gesualdi, F, Gherghel-Lascu, A, Ghia, P L, Giaccari, U, Glombitza, J, Gobbi, F, Gollan, F, Golup, G, Gómez_Berisso, M, Gómez_Vitale, P F, Gongora, J P, González, J M, González, N, Góra, D, Gorgi, A, Gottowik, M, Grubb, T D, Guarino, F, Guedes, G P, Guido, E, Gülzow, L, Hahn, S, Hamal, P, Hampel, M R, Hansen, P, Harari, D, Harvey, V M, Haungs, A, Hebbeker, T, Hojvat, C, Hörandel, J R, Horvath, P, Hrabovský, M, Huege, T, Insolia, A, Isar, P G, Janecek, P, Jilek, V, Johnsen, J A, Jurysek, J, Kampert, K-H, Keilhauer, B, Khakurdikar, A, Kizakke_Covilakam, V V, Klages, H O, Kleifges, M, Knapp, F, Köhler, J, Kunka, N, Lago, B L, Langner, N, Leigui_de_Oliveira, M A, Lema-Capeans, Y, Letessier-Selvon, A, Lhenry-Yvon, I, Lopes, L, Lu, L, Luce, Q, Lundquist, J P, Machado_Payeras, A, Majercakova, M, Mandat, D, Manning, B C, Mantsch, P, Mariani, F M, Mariazzi, A G, Mariş, I C, Marsella, G, Martello, D, Martinelli, S, Martínez_Bravo, O, Martins, M A, Mathes, H-J, Matthews, J, Matthiae, G, Mayotte, E, Mayotte, S, Mazur, P O, Medina-Tanco, G, Meinert, J, Melo, D, Menshikov, A, Merx, C, Michal, S, Micheletti, M I, Miramonti, L, Mollerach, S, Montanet, F, Morejon, L, Morello, C, Mulrey, K, Mussa, R, Namasaka, W M, Negi, S, Nellen, L, Nguyen, K, Nicora, G, Niechciol, M, Nitz, D, Nosek, D, Novotny, V, Nožka, L, Nucita, A, Núñez, L A, Oliveira, C, Palatka, M, Pallotta, J, Panja, S, Parente, G, Paulsen, T, Pawlowsky, J, Pech, M, Pȩkala, J, Pelayo, R, Pereira, L_A S, Pereira_Martins, E E, Perez_Armand, J, Pérez_Bertolli, C, Perrone, L, Petrera, S, Petrucci, C, Pierog, T, Pimenta, M, Platino, M, Pont, B, Pothast, M, Pourmohammad_Shahvar, M, Privitera, P, Prouza, M, Querchfeld, S, Rautenberg, J, Ravignani, D, Reginatto_Akim, J V, Reininghaus, M, Ridky, J, Riehn, F, Risse, M, Rizi, V, Rodrigues_de_Carvalho, W, Rodriguez, E, Rodriguez_Rojo, J, Roncoroni, M J, Rossoni, S, Roth, M, Roulet, E, Rovero, A C, Ruehl, P, Saftoiu, A, Saharan, M, Salamida, F, Salazar, H, Salina, G, Sanabria_Gomez, J D, Sánchez, F, Santos, E M, Santos, E, Sarazin, F, Sarmento, R, Sato, R, Savina, P, Schäfer, C M, Scherini, V, Schieler, H, Schimassek, M, Schimp, M, Schmidt, D, Scholten, O, Schoorlemmer, H, Schovánek, P, Schröder, F G, Schulte, J, Schulz, T, Sciutto, S J, Scornavacche, M, Sedoski, A, Segreto, A, Sehgal, S, Shivashankara, S U, Sigl, G, Silli, G, Sima, O, Simkova, K, Simon, F, Smau, R, Šmída, R, Sommers, P, Soriano, J F, Squartini, R, Stadelmaier, M, Stanič, S, Stasielak, J, Stassi, P, Strähnz, S, Straub, M, Suomijärvi, T, Supanitsky, A D, Svozilikova, Z, Szadkowski, Z, Tairli, F, Tapia, A, Taricco, C, Timmermans, C, Tkachenko, O, Tobiska, P, Todero_Peixoto, C J, Tomé, B, Torrès, Z, Travaini, A, Travnicek, P, Trimarelli, C, Tueros, M, Unger, M, Vaclavek, L, Vacula, M, Valdés_Galicia, J F, Valore, L, Varela, E, Vásquez-Ramírez, A, Veberič, D, Ventura, C, Vergara_Quispe, I D, Verzi, V, Vicha, J, Vink, J, Vorobiov, S, Watanabe, C, Watson, A A, Weindl, A, Wiencke, L, Wilczyński, H, Wittkowski, D, Wundheiler, B, Yue, B, Yushkov, A, Zapparrata, O, Zas, E, Zavrtanik, D, & Zavrtanik, M. <em>Testing hadronic-model predictions of depth of maximum of air-shower profiles and ground-particle signals using hybrid data of the Pierre Auger Observatory</em>. <em>Physical Review D</em>, <em>109</em> (10). Retrieved from https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10523311. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.109.102001">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.109.102001</a> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-default" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">Close</button> </div> </div> </div> </div></li> <li class="links-format"><a href="#cite-chi" data-toggle="modal">Chicago</a> <div id="cite-chi" class="modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="cite-chi_label" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">×</button> <strong id="cite-chi_label">Cite: Chicago Format</strong> </div> <div class="modal-body">Abdul_Halim, A, Abreu, P, Aglietta, M, Allekotte, I, Almeida_Cheminant, K, Almela, A, Aloisio, R, Alvarez-Muñiz, J, Ammerman_Yebra, J, Anastasi, G A, Anchordoqui, L, Andrada, B, Andringa, S, Apollonio, L, Aramo, C, Araújo_Ferreira, P R, Arnone, E, Arteaga_Velázquez, J C, Assis, P, Avila, G, Avocone, E, Bakalova, A, Barbato, F, Bartz_Mocellin, A, Bellido, J A, Berat, C, Bertaina, M E, Bhatta, G, Bianciotto, M, Biermann, P L, Binet, V, Bismark, K, Bister, T, Biteau, J, Blazek, J, Bleve, C, Blümer, J, Boháčová, M, Boncioli, D, Bonifazi, C, Bonneau_Arbeletche, L, Borodai, N, Brack, J, Brichetto_Orchera, P G, Briechle, F L, Bueno, A, Buitink, S, Buscemi, M, Büsken, M, Bwembya, A, Caballero-Mora, K S, Cabana-Freire, S, Caccianiga, L, Campuzano, F, Caruso, R, Castellina, A, Catalani, F, Cataldi, G, Cazon, L, Cerda, M, Cermenati, A, Chinellato, J A, Chudoba, J, Chytka, L, Clay, R W, Cobos_Cerutti, A C, Colalillo, R, Coluccia, M R, Conceição, R, Condorelli, A, Consolati, G, Conte, M, Convenga, F, Correia_dos_Santos, D, Costa, P J, Covault, C E, Cristinziani, M, Cruz_Sanchez, C S, Dasso, S, Daumiller, K, Dawson, B R, de_Almeida, R M, de_Jesús, J, de_Jong, S J, de_Mello_Neto, J_R T, De_Mitri, I, de_Oliveira, J, de_Oliveira_Franco, D, de_Palma, F, de_Souza, V, de_Souza_de_Errico, B P, De_Vito, E, Del_Popolo, A, Deligny, O, Denner, N, Deval, L, di_Matteo, A, Dobre, M, Dobrigkeit, C, D’Olivo, J C, Domingues_Mendes, L M, Dorosti, Q, dos_Anjos, J C, dos_Anjos, R C, Ebr, J, Ellwanger, F, Emam, M, Engel, R, Epicoco, I, Erdmann, M, Etchegoyen, A, Evoli, C, Falcke, H, Farrar, G, Fauth, A C, Fazzini, N, Feldbusch, F, Fenu, F, Fernandes, A, Fick, B, Figueira, J M, Filipčič, A, Fitoussi, T, Flaggs, B, Fodran, T, Fujii, T, Fuster, A, Galea, C, Galelli, C, García, B, Gaudu, C, Gemmeke, H, Gesualdi, F, Gherghel-Lascu, A, Ghia, P L, Giaccari, U, Glombitza, J, Gobbi, F, Gollan, F, Golup, G, Gómez_Berisso, M, Gómez_Vitale, P F, Gongora, J P, González, J M, González, N, Góra, D, Gorgi, A, Gottowik, M, Grubb, T D, Guarino, F, Guedes, G P, Guido, E, Gülzow, L, Hahn, S, Hamal, P, Hampel, M R, Hansen, P, Harari, D, Harvey, V M, Haungs, A, Hebbeker, T, Hojvat, C, Hörandel, J R, Horvath, P, Hrabovský, M, Huege, T, Insolia, A, Isar, P G, Janecek, P, Jilek, V, Johnsen, J A, Jurysek, J, Kampert, K-H, Keilhauer, B, Khakurdikar, A, Kizakke_Covilakam, V V, Klages, H O, Kleifges, M, Knapp, F, Köhler, J, Kunka, N, Lago, B L, Langner, N, Leigui_de_Oliveira, M A, Lema-Capeans, Y, Letessier-Selvon, A, Lhenry-Yvon, I, Lopes, L, Lu, L, Luce, Q, Lundquist, J P, Machado_Payeras, A, Majercakova, M, Mandat, D, Manning, B C, Mantsch, P, Mariani, F M, Mariazzi, A G, Mariş, I C, Marsella, G, Martello, D, Martinelli, S, Martínez_Bravo, O, Martins, M A, Mathes, H-J, Matthews, J, Matthiae, G, Mayotte, E, Mayotte, S, Mazur, P O, Medina-Tanco, G, Meinert, J, Melo, D, Menshikov, A, Merx, C, Michal, S, Micheletti, M I, Miramonti, L, Mollerach, S, Montanet, F, Morejon, L, Morello, C, Mulrey, K, Mussa, R, Namasaka, W M, Negi, S, Nellen, L, Nguyen, K, Nicora, G, Niechciol, M, Nitz, D, Nosek, D, Novotny, V, Nožka, L, Nucita, A, Núñez, L A, Oliveira, C, Palatka, M, Pallotta, J, Panja, S, Parente, G, Paulsen, T, Pawlowsky, J, Pech, M, Pȩkala, J, Pelayo, R, Pereira, L_A S, Pereira_Martins, E E, Perez_Armand, J, Pérez_Bertolli, C, Perrone, L, Petrera, S, Petrucci, C, Pierog, T, Pimenta, M, Platino, M, Pont, B, Pothast, M, Pourmohammad_Shahvar, M, Privitera, P, Prouza, M, Querchfeld, S, Rautenberg, J, Ravignani, D, Reginatto_Akim, J V, Reininghaus, M, Ridky, J, Riehn, F, Risse, M, Rizi, V, Rodrigues_de_Carvalho, W, Rodriguez, E, Rodriguez_Rojo, J, Roncoroni, M J, Rossoni, S, Roth, M, Roulet, E, Rovero, A C, Ruehl, P, Saftoiu, A, Saharan, M, Salamida, F, Salazar, H, Salina, G, Sanabria_Gomez, J D, Sánchez, F, Santos, E M, Santos, E, Sarazin, F, Sarmento, R, Sato, R, Savina, P, Schäfer, C M, Scherini, V, Schieler, H, Schimassek, M, Schimp, M, Schmidt, D, Scholten, O, Schoorlemmer, H, Schovánek, P, Schröder, F G, Schulte, J, Schulz, T, Sciutto, S J, Scornavacche, M, Sedoski, A, Segreto, A, Sehgal, S, Shivashankara, S U, Sigl, G, Silli, G, Sima, O, Simkova, K, Simon, F, Smau, R, Šmída, R, Sommers, P, Soriano, J F, Squartini, R, Stadelmaier, M, Stanič, S, Stasielak, J, Stassi, P, Strähnz, S, Straub, M, Suomijärvi, T, Supanitsky, A D, Svozilikova, Z, Szadkowski, Z, Tairli, F, Tapia, A, Taricco, C, Timmermans, C, Tkachenko, O, Tobiska, P, Todero_Peixoto, C J, Tomé, B, Torrès, Z, Travaini, A, Travnicek, P, Trimarelli, C, Tueros, M, Unger, M, Vaclavek, L, Vacula, M, Valdés_Galicia, J F, Valore, L, Varela, E, Vásquez-Ramírez, A, Veberič, D, Ventura, C, Vergara_Quispe, I D, Verzi, V, Vicha, J, Vink, J, Vorobiov, S, Watanabe, C, Watson, A A, Weindl, A, Wiencke, L, Wilczyński, H, Wittkowski, D, Wundheiler, B, Yue, B, Yushkov, A, Zapparrata, O, Zas, E, Zavrtanik, D, and Zavrtanik, M. "Testing hadronic-model predictions of depth of maximum of air-shower profiles and ground-particle signals using hybrid data of the Pierre Auger Observatory". <em>Physical Review D</em> 109 (10). Country unknown/Code not available: PRD. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.109.102001">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.109.102001.</a> <a href="https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10523311">https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10523311</a>. </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-default" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">Close</button> </div> </div> </div> </div></li> <li class="links-format"><a href="#cite-bib" data-toggle="modal">BibTeX</a> <div id="cite-bib" class="modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="cite-bib_label" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">×</button> <strong id="cite-bib_label">Cite: BibTeX Format</strong> </div> <div class="modal-body"> @article{osti_10523311,<br/> place = {Country unknown/Code not available}, title = {Testing hadronic-model predictions of depth of maximum of air-shower profiles and ground-particle signals using hybrid data of the Pierre Auger Observatory}, url = {https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10523311}, DOI = {10.1103/PhysRevD.109.102001}, abstractNote = {We test the predictions of hadronic interaction models regarding the depth of maximum of air-shower profiles,Xmax, and ground-particle signals in water-Cherenkov detectors at 1000 m from the shower core,S(1000), using the data from the fluorescence and surface detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The test consists of fitting the measured two-dimensional (S(1000),Xmax) distributions using templates for simulated air showers produced with hadronic interaction models pos-, et--04, 2.3d and leaving the scales of predictedXmaxand the signals from hadronic component at ground as free-fit parameters. The method relies on the assumption that the mass composition remains the same at all zenith angles, while the longitudinal shower development and attenuation of ground signal depend on the mass composition in a correlated way. The analysis was applied to 2239 events detected by both the fluorescence and surface detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory with energies between1018.5  eVto1019.0  eVand zenith angles below 60°. We found, that within the assumptions of the method, the best description of the data is achieved if the predictions of the hadronic interaction models are shifted to deeperXmaxvalues and larger hadronic signals at all zenith angles. Given the magnitude of the shifts and the data sample size, the statistical significance of the improvement of data description using the modifications considered in the paper is larger than5σeven for any linear combination of experimental systematic uncertainties. Published by the American Physical Society2024}, journal = {Physical Review D}, volume = {109}, number = {10}, publisher = {PRD}, author = {Abdul_Halim, A and Abreu, P and Aglietta, M and Allekotte, I and Almeida_Cheminant, K and Almela, A and Aloisio, R and Alvarez-Muñiz, J and Ammerman_Yebra, J and Anastasi, G A and Anchordoqui, L and Andrada, B and Andringa, S and Apollonio, L and Aramo, C and Araújo_Ferreira, P R and Arnone, E and Arteaga_Velázquez, J C and Assis, P and Avila, G and Avocone, E and Bakalova, A and Barbato, F and Bartz_Mocellin, A and Bellido, J A and Berat, C and Bertaina, M E and Bhatta, G and Bianciotto, M and Biermann, P L and Binet, V and Bismark, K and Bister, T and Biteau, J and Blazek, J and Bleve, C and Blümer, J and Boháčová, M and Boncioli, D and Bonifazi, C and Bonneau_Arbeletche, L and Borodai, N and Brack, J and Brichetto_Orchera, P G and Briechle, F L and Bueno, A and Buitink, S and Buscemi, M and Büsken, M and Bwembya, A and Caballero-Mora, K S and Cabana-Freire, S and Caccianiga, L and Campuzano, F and Caruso, R and Castellina, A and Catalani, F and Cataldi, G and Cazon, L and Cerda, M and Cermenati, A and Chinellato, J A and Chudoba, J and Chytka, L and Clay, R W and Cobos_Cerutti, A C and Colalillo, R and Coluccia, M R and Conceição, R and Condorelli, A and Consolati, G and Conte, M and Convenga, F and Correia_dos_Santos, D and Costa, P J and Covault, C E and Cristinziani, M and Cruz_Sanchez, C S and Dasso, S and Daumiller, K and Dawson, B R and de_Almeida, R M and de_Jesús, J and de_Jong, S J and de_Mello_Neto, J_R T and De_Mitri, I and de_Oliveira, J and de_Oliveira_Franco, D and de_Palma, F and de_Souza, V and de_Souza_de_Errico, B P and De_Vito, E and Del_Popolo, A and Deligny, O and Denner, N and Deval, L and di_Matteo, A and Dobre, M and Dobrigkeit, C and D’Olivo, J C and Domingues_Mendes, L M and Dorosti, Q and dos_Anjos, J C and dos_Anjos, R C and Ebr, J and Ellwanger, F and Emam, M and Engel, R and Epicoco, I and 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and Kizakke_Covilakam, V V and Klages, H O and Kleifges, M and Knapp, F and Köhler, J and Kunka, N and Lago, B L and Langner, N and Leigui_de_Oliveira, M A and Lema-Capeans, Y and Letessier-Selvon, A and Lhenry-Yvon, I and Lopes, L and Lu, L and Luce, Q and Lundquist, J P and Machado_Payeras, A and Majercakova, M and Mandat, D and Manning, B C and Mantsch, P and Mariani, F M and Mariazzi, A G and Mariş, I C and Marsella, G and Martello, D and Martinelli, S and Martínez_Bravo, O and Martins, M A and Mathes, H-J and Matthews, J and Matthiae, G and Mayotte, E and Mayotte, S and Mazur, P O and Medina-Tanco, G and Meinert, J and Melo, D and Menshikov, A and Merx, C and Michal, S and Micheletti, M I and Miramonti, L and Mollerach, S and Montanet, F and Morejon, L and Morello, C and Mulrey, K and Mussa, R and Namasaka, W M and Negi, S and Nellen, L and Nguyen, K and Nicora, G and Niechciol, M and Nitz, D and Nosek, D and Novotny, V and Nožka, L and Nucita, A and Núñez, L A and Oliveira, C and Palatka, M and Pallotta, J and Panja, S and Parente, G and Paulsen, T and Pawlowsky, J and Pech, M and Pȩkala, J and Pelayo, R and Pereira, L_A S and Pereira_Martins, E E and Perez_Armand, J and Pérez_Bertolli, C and Perrone, L and Petrera, S and Petrucci, C and Pierog, T and Pimenta, M and Platino, M and Pont, B and Pothast, M and Pourmohammad_Shahvar, M and Privitera, P and Prouza, M and Querchfeld, S and Rautenberg, J and Ravignani, D and Reginatto_Akim, J V and Reininghaus, M and Ridky, J and Riehn, F and Risse, M and Rizi, V and Rodrigues_de_Carvalho, W and Rodriguez, E and Rodriguez_Rojo, J and Roncoroni, M J and Rossoni, S and Roth, M and Roulet, E and Rovero, A C and Ruehl, P and Saftoiu, A and Saharan, M and Salamida, F and Salazar, H and Salina, G and Sanabria_Gomez, J D and Sánchez, F and Santos, E M and Santos, E and Sarazin, F and Sarmento, R and Sato, R and Savina, P and Schäfer, C M and Scherini, V and Schieler, H and Schimassek, M and Schimp, M and Schmidt, D and 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