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Abstract The abundance of helium (AHe) in the solar wind exhibits variations typically in the range from 2% to 5% with respect to solar cycle activity and solar wind velocity. However, there are instances where the observedAHeis exceptionally low (<1%). These low-AHeoccurrences are detected both near the Sun and at 1 au. The low-AHeevents are generally observed near the heliospheric current sheet. We analyzed 28 low-AHeevents observed by the Wind spacecraft and 4 by Parker Solar Probe to understand their origin. In this work, we make use of the ADAPT-WSA model to derive the sources of our events at the base of the solar corona. The modeling suggests that the low-AHeevents originated from the boundaries of coronal holes, primarily from large quiescent helmet streamers. We argue that the cusp above the core of the streamer can produce such very low helium abundance events. The streamer core serves as an ideal location for gravitational settling to occur as demonstrated by previous models, leading to the release of this plasma through reconnection near the cusp, resulting in low-AHeevents. Furthermore, observations from Ulysses provide direct evidence that these events originated from coronal streamers.
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Understanding the Variability of Helium Abundance in the Solar Corona Using Three-fluid Modeling and Ultraviolet Observations
Abstract The variability of helium abundance in the solar corona and the solar wind is an important signature of solar activity, solar cycle, and solar wind sources, as well as coronal heating processes. Motivated by recently reported remote-sensing UV imaging observations by Helium Resonance Scattering in the Corona and Heliosphere payload sounding rocket of helium abundance in the inner corona on 2009 September 14 near solar minimum, we present the results of the first three-dimensional three-fluid (electrons, protons, and alpha particles) model of tilted coronal streamer belt and slow solar wind that illustrates the various processes leading to helium abundance differentiation and variability. We find good qualitative agreement between the three-fluid model and the coronal helium abundance variability deduced from UV observations of streamers, providing insight on the effects of the physical processes, such as heating, gravitational settling, and interspecies Coulomb friction in the outflowing solar wind that produce the observed features. The study impacts our understanding of the origins of the slow solar wind.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2300961
- PAR ID:
- 10525008
- Publisher / Repository:
- DOI PREFIX: 10.3847
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- The Astrophysical Journal Letters
- Volume:
- 970
- Issue:
- 1
- ISSN:
- 2041-8205
- Format(s):
- Medium: X Size: Article No. L16
- Size(s):
- Article No. L16
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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