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Abstract Background and objectivesThe coproduct of ethanol industry, dried distiller's grains with solubles (DDGS), has phosphorus content in excess of the animal diet requirement, which leads to excess P in manure and causes environmental concerns. The objective of this study is to determine the technical and economic feasibility of recovering this excess P as a coproduct. FindingsThe amount of P was observed to reduce from 9.26 to 3.25 mg/g (db) of DDGS, which is consistent with the animal diet requirement of 3–4 mg P/g animal diet. For an existing dry grind plant of 40 million gallon ethanol capacity, an additional fixed cost of $5.7 million was estimated, with an operating cost increase of $1.29 million/year. ConclusionsThe total phosphorus recovered from the plant was estimated as 1,676 kg P/day, with an estimated operating cost of $2.33/kg P recovered. Significance and noveltyApproximately 37 million MT of DDGS is produced annually as animal food containing excess P, which is a serious concern for the environment. This study provides with an economically feasible solution to recover the excess P as a coproduct, which has a potential to be used as fertilizer on more than 56,000 acres of land annually, growing corn and soybean.
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A naturally appearing family of Cantorvals
Abstract The aim of this note is to show the existence of a large family of Cantorvals arising in the projection description of primitive two-letter substitutions. This provides a common and naturally occurring class of Cantorvals.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2247966
- PAR ID:
- 10528397
- Publisher / Repository:
- Springer Science + Business Media
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Letters in Mathematical Physics
- Volume:
- 114
- Issue:
- 4
- ISSN:
- 1573-0530
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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