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Abstract For much of terrestrial biodiversity, the evolutionary pathways of adaptation from marine ancestors are poorly understood and have usually been viewed as a binary trait. True crabs, the decapod crustacean infraorder Brachyura, comprise over 7600 species representing a striking diversity of morphology and ecology, including repeated adaptation to non-marine habitats. Here, we reconstruct the evolutionary history of Brachyura using new and published sequences of 10 genes for 344 tips spanning 88 of 109 brachyuran families. Using 36 newly vetted fossil calibrations, we infer that brachyurans most likely diverged in the Triassic, with family-level splits in the late Cretaceous and early Paleogene. By contrast, the root age is underestimated with automated sampling of 328 fossil occurrences explicitly incorporated into the tree prior, suggesting such models are a poor fit under heterogeneous fossil preservation. We apply recently defined trait-by-environment associations to classify a gradient of transitions from marine to terrestrial lifestyles. We estimate that crabs left the marine environment at least 7 and up to 17 times convergently, and returned to the sea from non-marine environments at least twice. Although the most highly terrestrial- and many freshwater-adapted crabs are concentrated in Thoracotremata, Bayesian threshold models of ancestral state reconstruction fail to identify shifts to higher terrestrial grades due to the degree of underlying change required. Lineages throughout our tree inhabit intertidal and marginal marine environments, corroborating the inference that the early stages of terrestrial adaptation have a lower threshold to evolve. Our framework and extensive new fossil and natural history datasets will enable future comparisons of non-marine adaptation at the morphological and molecular level. Crabs provide an important window into the early processes of adaptation to novel environments, and different degrees of evolutionary constraint that might help predict these pathways. [Brachyura; convergent evolution; crustaceans; divergence times; fossil calibration; molecular phylogeny; terrestrialization; threshold model.]
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Fossil calibrations for molecular analyses and divergence time estimation for true crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura)
True crabs, or Brachyura, comprise over 7,600 known species and are among the most ecologically dominant, economically significant, and popularly recognized groups of extant crustaceans. There are over 3,000 fossil brachyuran species known from mid and upper Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Cenozoic deposits across the globe, many of them preserved in exquisite detail, but their origins and early evolution remain unresolved. This uncertainty hinders the identification of the stratigraphically earliest occurrence of major brachyuran groups in the fossil record, obscuring our understanding of their phylogenetic relationships and thus the ability to estimate divergence times to answer large-scale macroevolutionary questions. We present 36 vetted fossil node calibration points for molecular phylogenetic analysis of crabs (one Anomura and 35 Brachyura) and reassess the earliest occurrences of several key clades based on recent fossil discoveries or re-examination of previous studies. For each calibrated node, we provide minimum and tip maximum ages for the stratigraphically oldest fossil that can be reliably assigned to the group. Disentangling the anatomical disparity of fossil forms and their phylogenetic relationships is crucial to recognizing the earliest branching members among brachyuran groups. This represents a critical first step in understanding the evolution of carcinization and decarcinization, the appearance of key adaptations, and the transition from sea to land and freshwater in brachyurans. The identification and critical examination of reliable fossils for deep time calibrations, both as tips and nodes, is pivotal to ensure not only precise but more accurate divergence time estimations when reconstructing the crab tree of life.
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- PAR ID:
- 10530800
- Publisher / Repository:
- Palaeontologia Electronica
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Palaeontologia Electronica
- Volume:
- 27
- Issue:
- 2
- ISSN:
- 1935-3952
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- a38
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.26879/1332
