Recently, there have been significant advances and wide-scale use of generative AI in natural language generation. Models such as OpenAI’s GPT3 and Meta’s LLaMA are widely used in chatbots, to summarize documents, and to generate creative content. These advances raise concerns about abuses of these models, especially in social media settings, such as large-scale generation of disinformation, manipulation campaigns that use AI-generated content, and personalized scams. We used stylometry (the analysis of style in natural language text) to analyze the style of AI-generated text. Specifically, we applied an existing authorship verification (AV) model that can predict if two documents are written by the same author on texts generated by GPT2, GPT3, ChatGPT and LLaMA. Our AV model was trained only on human-written text and was effectively used in social media settings to analyze cases of abuse. We generated texts by providing the language models with fanfiction snippets and prompting them to complete the rest of it in the same writing style as the original snippet. We then applied the AV model across the texts generated by the language models and the human written texts to analyze the similarity of the writing styles between these texts. We found that texts generated with GPT2 had the highest similarity to the human texts. Texts generated by GPT3 and ChatGPT were very different from the human snippet, and were similar to each other. LLaMA-generated texts had some similarity to the original snippet but also has similarities with other LLaMA-generated texts and texts from other models. We then conducted a feature analysis to identify the features that drive these similarity scores. This analysis helped us answer questions like which features distinguish the language style of language models and humans, which features are different across different models, and how these linguistic features change over different language model versions. The dataset and the source code used in this analysis have been made public to allow for further analysis of new language models.
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This Paper Was Written with the Help of ChatGPT: Exploring the Consequences of AI-Driven Academic Writing on Scholarly Practices
This paper was written with the help of ChatGPT. Recent advancements in the development and deployment of large generative language models to power generative AI tools, including OpenAIż˝fs ChatGPT, have led to their broad usage across virtually all fields of study. While the tools have been trained to generate human-like-dialogue in response to questions or prompts, they are similarly used to compose larger, more complex artifacts, including social media posts, essays, and even research articles. Although this abstract has been written entirely by a human without any input, consultation, or revision from a generative language model, it would likely be difficult to discern any difference as a reader. In light of this, there is growing debate and concern regarding using these models to aid the writing process, particularly concerning publication. Aside from some notable risks, including the unintentional generation of false information, citation of non-existing research articles, or plagiarism by generating text that is sampled from another source without proper citation, there are additional questions pertaining to the originality of ideas expressed in a work has been partially-written or revised by a generative language model. We present this paper as both a case study into the usage of generative models to aid in the writing of academic research articles but also as an example of how transparency and open science practices may help in addressing several issues that have been raised in other contexts and communities. While this paper neither attempts to promote nor contest the use of these language models in any writing task, it is the goal of this work to provide insight and potential guidance into the ethical and effective usage of these models within this domain.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2331379
- PAR ID:
- 10531980
- Editor(s):
- Benjamin, Paaßen; Carrie, Demmans Epp
- Publisher / Repository:
- International Educational Data Mining Society
- Date Published:
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Right(s):
- Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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