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ABSTRACT Recent observations and simulations indicate substantial evolution in the properties of galaxies with time, wherein rotationally supported and steady thin discs (like those frequently observed in the local Universe) emerge from galaxies that are clumpy, irregular, and have bursty star formation rates (SFRs). To better understand the progenitors of local disc galaxies, we carry out an analysis of three FIRE-2 simulated galaxies with a mass similar to the Milky Way at redshift z = 0. We show that all three galaxies transition from bursty to steady SFRs at a redshift between z = 0.5 and z = 0.8, and that this transition coincides with the rapid (≲1 Gyr) emergence of a rotationally supported interstellar medium (ISM). In the late phase with steady SFR, the rotational energy comprises $${\gtrsim }90{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$$ of the total kinetic + thermal energy in the ISM, and is roughly half the gravitational energy. By contrast, during the early bursty phase, the ISM initially has a quasi-spheroidal morphology and its energetics are dominated by quasi-isotropic in- and outflows out of virial equilibrium. The subdominance of rotational support and out-of-equilibrium conditions at early times challenge the application of standard equilibrium disc models to high-redshift progenitors of Milky Way-like galaxies. We further find that the formation of a rotationally-supported ISM coincides with the onset of a thermal pressure supported inner circumgalactic medium (CGM). Before this transition, there is no clear boundary between the ISM and the inner CGM.
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Topological Photonics: A Mathematical Perspective
Topological photonics is a framework that follows both condensed matter physics and topology. It refers to designing the guiding properties of the propagating medium (e.g., a photonic crystal or a waveguide lattice) in such a way that the transport of electromagnetic energy is realized in unique, robust, and sometimes unexpected ways. Consider a simple thought experiment: imagine first the two-dimensional wave equation on a square domain, and assume homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions. We know that the accessible modes extend in periodic form throughout the whole domain and, in time, waves can propagate in all directions. This behavior is in response to the inherent symmetries of the medium. Imagine instead that we engineer the medium in such a way that all the energy concentrates in the boundary of the medium and propagates in only one direction. (In the language of optics, this would be seen as inhibiting back reflection and making the bulk medium act like an insulator).
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- Award ID(s):
- 1840260
- PAR ID:
- 10534554
- Publisher / Repository:
- American Mathematical Society
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Notices of the American Mathematical Society
- ISSN:
- 1088-9477
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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