An official website of the United States government
We explore the rheology during a startup flow of well-characterized polyelectrolyte microgel suspensions, which form soft glasses above the jamming concentration. We present and discuss results measured using different mechanical histories focusing on the variations of the static yield stress and yield strain. The behavior of the shear stress growth function is affected by long-lived residual stresses and strains that imprint a slowly decaying mechanical memory inside the materials. The startup flow response is not reversible upon flow reversal and the amplitude of the static yield stress increases with the time elapsed after rejuvenation. We propose an experimental protocol that minimizes the directional memory and we analyze the effect of aging. The static yield strain γ p and the reduced static yield stress σ p / σ y , where σ y is the dynamic yield stress measured from steady flow measurements, are in good agreement with our previous simulations [Khabaz et al., “Transient dynamics of soft particle glasses in startup shear flow. Part I: Microstructure and time scales,” J. Rheol. 65, 241 (2021)]. Our results demonstrate the need to consider memory and aging effects in transient measurements on soft particle glasses.
more »
« less
Memory of shear flow in soft jammed materials
Abstract Cessation of flow in yield stress fluids results in a stress relaxation process that eventually leads to a finite residual stress. Both the rate of stress relaxation and the magnitude of the residual stresses systematically depend on the preceding flow conditions. To assess the microscopic origin of this memory effect, we combine experiments with large-scale computer simulations, exploring the behavior of jammed suspensions of soft repulsive particles. A spatiotemporal analysis of particle motion reveals that memory formation during flow is primarily governed by the emergence of domains of spatially correlated nonaffine displacements. These domains imprint the configuration of stress imbalances that drive dynamics upon flow cessation, as evidenced by a striking equivalence of the spatial correlation patterns in particle displacements observed during flow and upon flow cessation. Additional contributions to stress relaxation result from the particle packing that reorganizes to minimize the resistance to flow by decreasing the number of locally stiffer configurations. Regaining rigidity upon flow cessation drives further relaxation and effectively sets the magnitude of the residual stress. Our findings highlight that flow in yield stress fluids can be seen as a training process during which the material stores information of the flowing state through the development of domains of correlated particle displacements and the reorganization of particle packings optimized to sustain the flow. This encoded memory can then be retrieved in flow cessation experiments.
more »
« less
- PAR ID:
- 10549140
- Publisher / Repository:
- Oxford University Press
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- PNAS Nexus
- Volume:
- 3
- Issue:
- 10
- ISSN:
- 2752-6542
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
More Like this
-
-
We report the effect of particle surface roughness on creep deformation and subsequent strain recovery in dense colloidal suspensions. The suspensions are composed of hard-spherelike poly(methyl methacrylate) smooth (S) and rough (R) colloids with particle volume fractions ϕS = 0.64 ± 0.01 and ϕR = 0.56 ± 0.01, corresponding to a distance of 3.0% and 3.4% based on their jamming volume fractions (ϕJS=0.66±0.01, ϕJR=0.58±0.01). The suspensions are subject to a range of shear stresses (0.01–0.07 Pa) above and below the yield stress values of the two suspensions (σyS=0.035Pa, σyR=0.02Pa). During creep, suspensions of rough colloids exhibit four to five times higher strain deformation compared to smooth colloids, irrespective of the applied stress. The interlocking of surface asperities in rough colloids is likely to generate a heterogeneous microstructure, favoring dynamic particle activity and percolation of strain heterogeneities, therefore resulting in higher magnitude of strain deformation and an earlier onset of steady flow. Strain recovery after the cessation of stress reveals a nonmonotonic recoverable strain for rough colloids, where the peak recoverable strain is observed near the yield stress, followed by a steep decline with increasing stress. This type of response suggests that frictional constraints between geometrically frustrated interlocking contacts can serve as particle bonds capable of higher elastic recovery but only near the yield stress. Understanding how particle roughness affects macroscopic creep and recovery is useful in designing yield stress fluids for additive manufacturing and product formulations.more » « less
-
When stressed sufficiently, solid materials yield and deform plastically via reorganization of microscopic constituents. Indeed, it is possible to alter the microstructure of materials by judicious application of stress, an empirical process utilized in practice to enhance the mechanical properties of metals. Understanding the interdependence of plastic flow and microscopic structure in these nonequilibrium states, however, remains a major challenge. Here, we experimentally investigate this relationship, between the relaxation dynamics and microscopic structure of disordered colloidal solids during plastic deformation. We apply oscillatory shear to solid colloidal monolayers and study their particle trajectories as a function of shear rate in the plastic regime. Under these circumstances, the strain rate, the relaxation rate associated with plastic flow, and the sample microscopic structure oscillate together, but with different phases. Interestingly, the experiments reveal that the relaxation rate associated with plastic flow at time t is correlated with the strain rate and sample microscopic structure measured at earlier and later times, respectively. The relaxation rate, in this nonstationary condition, exhibits power-law, shear-thinning behavior and scales exponentially with sample excess entropy. Thus, measurement of sample static structure (excess entropy) provides insight about both strain rate and constituent rearrangement dynamics in the sample at earlier times.more » « less
-
Understanding the yielding of complex fluids is an important rheological challenge that affects our ability to engineer and process materials for a wide variety of applications. Common theoretical understandings of yield stress fluids follow the Oldroyd–Prager formalism in which the material behavior below the yield stress is treated as solidlike, and above the yield stress as liquidlike, with an instantaneous transition between the two states. This formalism was built on a quasi-static approach to the yield stress, while most applications, ranging from material processing to end user applications, involve a transient approach to yielding over a finite timescale. Using stress-controlled oscillatory shear experiments, we show that yield stress fluids flow below their yield stresses. This is quantified through measuring the strain shift, which is the value about which the strain oscillates during a stress-controlled test and is a function of only the unrecoverable strain. Measurements of the strain shift are, therefore, measurements of flow having taken place. These experimental results are compared to the Herschel–Bulkley form of the Saramito model, which utilizes the Oldroyd–Prager formalism, and the recently published Kamani–Donley–Rogers (KDR) model, in which one constitutive equation represents the entire range of material responses. Scaling relationships are derived, which allow us to show why yield stress fluids will flow across all stresses, above and below their yield stress. Finally, derivations are presented that show strain shift can be used to determine average metrics previously attainable only through recovery rheology, and these are experimentally verified.more » « less
-
Systems driven far from equilibrium often retain structural memories of their processing history. This memory has, in some cases, been shown to dramatically alter the material response. For example, work hardening in crystalline metals can alter the hardness, yield strength, and tensile strength to prevent catastrophic failure. Whether memory of processing history can be similarly exploited in flowing systems, where significantly larger changes in structure should be possible, remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate a promising route to embedding such useful memories. We build on work showing that exposing a sheared dense suspension to acoustic perturbations of different power allows for dramatically tuning the sheared suspension viscosity and underlying structure. We find that, for sufficiently dense suspensions, upon removing the acoustic perturbations, the suspension shear jams with shear stress contributions from the maximum compressive and maximum extensive axes that reflect or “remember” the acoustic training. Because the contributions from these two orthogonal axes to the total shear stress are antagonistic, it is possible to tune the resulting suspension response in surprising ways. For example, we show that differently trained sheared suspensions exhibit (1) different susceptibility to the same acoustic perturbation, (2) orders of magnitude changes in their instantaneous viscosities upon shear reversal, and (3) even a shear stress that increases in magnitude upon shear cessation. We work through these examples to explain the underlying mechanisms governing each behavior. Then, to illustrate the power of this approach for controlling suspension properties, we demonstrate that flowing states well below the shear jamming threshold can be shear jammed via acoustic training. Collectively, our work paves the way for using acoustically induced memory in dense suspensions to generate rapidly and widely tunable materials. Published by the American Physical Society2024more » « less
