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1. Systems Thinking to Protect Coral Reefs: A Case Study Rooted in Community Partnerships

   Prouty, C; Garcia, L; Carne, L; Trotz, M. (July 2019, 12 th Natural Resource Management & Research Symposium “BELIZE, ‘THROUGH THE BOTTLENECK’”)

   Environmental impacts associated with inefficient and ineffective land-based wastewater treatment have direct implications for regional governments and local communities in the Caribbean due to the links between environmental quality of coastal areas (e.g. coral reefs) and socioeconomic activities (e.g. tourism, commercial fishing, cultural heritage, recreation). In Placencia, Belize an interdisciplinary team of students and community members investigate the tradeoffs that exists amid a food-energy-water systems (FEWS) case study, in order to co-create sustainable solutions. This work partners with Fragments of Hope and EcoFriendly Solutions to take a systems approach to consider the dynamic and interrelated factors and leverage points (e.g. technological, regulatory, organizational, social, economic) related to the adoption and sustainability of wastewater innovations at cayes where coral restoration work is occurring. This technology can improve water quality issues in sensitive marine ecosystems and productively reuse water and nutrients to grow food. Results show that marketing and technical strategies contributed to incremental improvements in the system's sustainability, while changing community behaviors (i.e. reporting the correct number of users and reclaiming resources – water and nutrients – for food production), was the more significant way to influence the sustainable management of the wastewater resources and to protect the coastal environment. The work is situated within the deeper context of graduate student research and training where the University of South Florida is partnering with the Caribbean Community Climate Change Center to raise up a new generation of globally competent science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) students. These students develop interdisciplinary and 21st century skills, as well as technical and methodological flexibility to address the complexity inherent in “wicked problems”. To accomplish this, the partners provide resources and training for interdisciplinary and systems-based teaching and research that results in original and impactful solutions developed alongside community members to locally and globally focused challenges. 

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2. Using Systems Thinking to Manage Tourist-Based Nutrient Pollution in Belizean Cayes

   https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13070544  

   Delgado, Daniel A; McAlister, Martha M; Webb, W Alex; Prouty, Christine; Ergas, Sarina J; Trotz, Maya A (July 2025, Systems)

   Tourism offers many economic benefits but can have long-lasting ecological effects when improperly managed. Tourism can cause overwhelming pressure on wastewater treatment systems, as in Belize, where some of the over 400 small islands (cayes) that were once temporary sites for fishermen have become popular tourist destinations. An overabundance of nitrogen, in part as a result of incomplete wastewater treatment, threatens human health and ecosystem services. The tourism industry is a complex and dynamic industry with many sectors and stakeholders with conflicting goals. In this study, a systems thinking approach was adopted to study the dynamic interactions between stakeholders and the environment at Laughing Bird Caye National Park in Belize. The project centered on nutrient discharges from the caye’s onsite wastewater treatment system. An archetype analysis approach was applied to frame potential solutions to nutrient pollution and understand potential behaviors over time. “Out of control” and “Underachievement” were identified as system archetypes; “Shifting the Burden” and ‘‘Limits to Success’’ were used to model specific cases. Based on these results, upgrading of the wastewater treatment system should be performed concurrently with investments in the user experience of the toilets, education on the vulnerability of the treatment system and ecosystem, and controls on the number of daily tourists. 

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3. Biochemical variability in sponges across the Caribbean basin

   https://doi.org/10.1111/ivb.12341  

   Clayshulte Abraham, Amelia; Gochfeld, Deborah J.; Macartney, Keir; Mellor, Amelia; Lesser, Michael P.; Slattery, Marc (July 2021, Invertebrate Biology)

   Abstract Sponges are a diverse phylum of sessile filter‐feeding invertebrates that are abundant on Caribbean reefs and provide essential ecological services, including nutrient cycling, reef stabilization, habitat, and food for a variety of fishes and invertebrates. As prominent members of the benthic community, and thus potential food resources, factors determining the biochemical and energetic content of sponges will affect their trophic contributions to coral reef ecosystems. In order to evaluate the influence of geographic variation on biochemical composition and energetic content in the tissue of sponges, we collected several common and widespread species (Agelas conifera,Agelas tubulata,Amphimedon compressa,Aplysina cauliformis,Niphates amorpha,Niphates erecta, andXestospongia muta) from multiple shallow reefs in four countries across the Caribbean Basin, including Belize, Curaçao, Grand Cayman, and St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. In addition, we correlated inherent species‐level traits, including the production of antipredator chemical defenses and the relative abundance of microbial symbionts, with biochemical and energetic content. We found that energetic content was higher in sponges with antipredator chemical defenses, and was significantly correlated with the concentration of chemical extracts from these sponges. We also noted that sponges with high microbial abundance contained significantly more soluble protein than sponges with low microbial abundance. Finally, both biochemical and energetic content varied significantly among sponges from different locations; sponges from Grand Cayman had the highest lipid and energetic content, whereas sponges from Belize had the highest carbohydrate content but lowest energetic content. Despite similar environmental conditions at these sites, our results demonstrate that biochemical and energetic content of sponges exhibits geographic variability, with potential implications for the trophic ecology of sponges throughout the Caribbean Basin. 

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4. Case Study: International Summer Research Programming Experiences Sponsored by TAMUS LSAMP

   Preuss, M. (June 2023, 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition)

   The Texas A&M University System (TAMUS) Louis Stokes Alliance for Minority Participation (LSAMP) supported two forms of international research experiences for undergraduates in the summer of 2022. A total of 29 students, 82.3% of whom identified with underrepresented groups, participated in either a ten-day program in the Yucatan, Texas A&M University’s College of Engineering Introduction to Research Abroad (IRAP), or a two-week intensive course in Belize, Texas A&M University – Corpus Christi’s Ridges to Reefs program (R2R). The first offered an introduction to research in collaboration with universities in the Yucatan while the second considered ecology of river and coral reef systems in Belize with programming offered on land and at the Mesoamerican Coral Reef. Pre- and post-participation surveys regarding prior experience, research skills, a variety of potential impacts, graduate school, and learning were conducted with participants. Comparison of the pre- and post-participation submissions indicated participants found the offerings valuable for learning about concepts related to their major and specific topics in the sciences, learning about research, themselves, history and culture, refining education and career plans, developing confidence in personal ability, expanding conceptions of research, science and culture while increasing openness to employment outside the United States, and ability to relate to peers and professional scientists. These outcomes were present for both cohorts, IRAP and R2R, with some instances of statistically significant increases pre- to post-participation despite the small counts of participants (IRAP = 18, R2R = 11). Several of the outcomes parallel findings from prior support of international research experiences by TAMUS LSAMP (Preuss et al, 2020; Preuss, et al, 2021; Preuss et al, 2022). The survey findings from summer 2022 are presented as an initial data set that, while requiring verification through replication of programming in 2023 and beyond, point to the efficacy of short-term international research opportunities as learning, perspective altering, and motivating experiences for undergraduates who identify with underrepresented groups and for undergraduates in general. 

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5. Twenty years of change in benthic communities across the Belizean Barrier Reef

   https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249155  

   Alves, Catherine; Valdivia, Abel; Aronson, Richard B.; Bood, Nadia; Castillo, Karl D.; Cox, Courtney; Fieseler, Clare; Locklear, Zachary; McField, Melanie; Mudge, Laura; et al (January 2022, PLOS ONE)

   Coen, Loren D. (Ed.)

   Disease, storms, ocean warming, and pollution have caused the mass mortality of reef-building corals across the Caribbean over the last four decades. Subsequently, stony corals have been replaced by macroalgae, bacterial mats, and invertebrates including soft corals and sponges, causing changes to the functioning of Caribbean reef ecosystems. Here we describe changes in the absolute cover of benthic reef taxa, including corals, gorgonians, sponges, and algae, at 15 fore-reef sites (12–15m depth) across the Belizean Barrier Reef (BBR) from 1997 to 2016. We also tested whether Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), in which fishing was prohibited but likely still occurred, mitigated these changes. Additionally, we determined whether ocean-temperature anomalies (measured via satellite) or local human impacts (estimated using the Human Influence Index, HII) were related to changes in benthic community structure. We observed a reduction in the cover of reef-building corals, including the long-lived, massive corals Orbicella spp. (from 13 to 2%), and an increase in fleshy and corticated macroalgae across most sites. These and other changes to the benthic communities were unaffected by local protection. The covers of hard-coral taxa, including Acropora spp., Montastraea cavernosa , Orbicella spp., and Porites spp., were negatively related to the frequency of ocean-temperature anomalies. Only gorgonian cover was related, negatively, to our metric of the magnitude of local impacts (HII). Our results suggest that benthic communities along the BBR have experienced disturbances that are beyond the capacity of the current management structure to mitigate. We recommend that managers devote greater resources and capacity to enforcing and expanding existing marine protected areas and to mitigating local stressors, and most importantly, that government, industry, and the public act immediately to reduce global carbon emissions. 

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