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Abstract. Mixed-layer depth (MLD) exhibits significant variability, which is important for atmosphere–ocean exchanges of heat and atmospheric gases. The origins of the mesoscale MLD variability in the Southern Ocean are studied here in an idealised regional ocean–atmosphere model (ROAM). The main conclusion from the analysis of the upper-ocean buoyancy budget is that, while the atmospheric forcing and oceanic vertical mixing, on average, induce the mesoscale variability of MLD, the three-dimensional oceanic advection of buoyancy counteracts and partially balances these atmosphere-induced vertical processes. The relative importance of advection changes with both season and average MLD. From January to May, when the mixed layer is shallow, the atmospheric forcing and oceanic mixing are the most important processes, with the advection playing a secondary role. From June to December, when the mixed layer is deep, both atmospheric forcing and oceanic advection are equally important in driving the MLD variability. Importantly, buoyancy advection by mesoscale ocean current anomalies can lead to both local shoaling and deepening of the mixed layer. The role of the atmospheric forcing is then directly addressed by two sensitivity experiments in which the mesoscale variability is removed from the atmosphere–ocean heat and momentum fluxes. The findings confirm that mesoscale atmospheric forcing predominantly controls MLD variability in summer and that intrinsic oceanic variability and surface forcing are equally important in winter. As a result, MLD variance increases when mesoscale anomalies in atmospheric fluxes are removed in winter, and oceanic advection becomes a dominant player in the buoyancy budget. This study highlights the importance of oceanic advection and intrinsic ocean dynamics in driving mesoscale MLD variability and underscores the importance of MLD in modulating the effects of advection on upper-ocean dynamics.
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Atmospheric Forcing Dominates the Interannual Variability of Convection Strength in the Irminger Sea
Abstract Transformation of light to dense waters by atmospheric cooling is key to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in the Subpolar Gyre. Convection in the center of the Irminger Gyre contributes to the formation of the densest waters east of Greenland. We present a 19‐year (2002–2020) weekly time series of hydrography and convection in the central Irminger Sea based on (bi‐)daily mooring profiles supplemented with Argo profiles. A 70‐year annual time series of shipboard hydrography shows that this mooring period is representative of longer‐term variability. The depth of convection varies strongly from winter to winter (288–1,500 dbar), with a mean March mixed layer depth (MLD) of 470 dbar and a mean maximum density reached of 27.70 ± 0.05 kg m−3. The densification of the water column by local convection directly impacts the sea surface height in the center of the Irminger Gyre and thus large‐scale circulation patterns. Both the observations and a Price‐Weller‐Pinkel mixed layer model analysis show that the main cause of interannual variability in MLD is the strength of the winter atmospheric surface forcing. Its role is three times as important as that of the strength of the maximum stratification in the preceding summer. Strong stratification as a result of a fresh surface anomaly similar to the one observed in 2010 can weaken convection by approximately 170 m on average, but changes in surface forcing will need to be taken into account as well when considering the evolution of Irminger Sea convection under climate change.
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- PAR ID:
- 10569284
- Publisher / Repository:
- AGU
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
- Volume:
- 130
- Issue:
- 2
- ISSN:
- 2169-9275
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JC020799
