skip to main content
US FlagAn official website of the United States government
dot gov icon
Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
https lock icon
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( lock ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

Explore Research Products in the PAR
It may take a few hours for recently added research products to appear in PAR search results.


Title: Preliminary evidence of prolonged timing effects of theta-burst stimulation in the reading system
Theta-burst stimulation (TBS) is a repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation technique that can be used to upregulate or downregulate different brain regions. However, the timing of its effects and the differing effects of continuous TBS (cTBS) versus intermittent TBS (iTBS) in the reading system have not been explored. This study assessed how stimulation type and post-stimulation timing affected change in performance during a phonological discrimination and sight word recognition task after stimulation of supramarginal gyrus (SMG). Fourteen right-handed young adults (age 18–27 years; 44% male) were block-randomized to receive either iTBS or cTBS to the supramarginal gyrus. Participants then performed a pseudoword discrimination task and an orthographic awareness task (behavioral control) at four different time points and change in reaction time compared to baseline was measured from each time point. There was no effect of stimulation type on change in reaction time [t(16) = −0.2,p= 0.9], suggesting that both types of TBS caused similar effects. Percent change in reaction time decreased over time in the pseudoword task [t(50) = −5.9,p< 0.001], indicating faster pseudoword processing speed with better performance 60–70 min after stimulation. In contrast, no change was demonstrated over time for the behavioral control task [t(43) = −0.6,p= 0.6], suggesting that the change over time seen in the test condition was not a learning effect. These findings provide insight into the effects of TBS on the reading system and can guide future study designs.  more » « less
Award ID(s):
2112455
PAR ID:
10569612
Author(s) / Creator(s):
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Publisher / Repository:
Frontiers
Date Published:
Journal Name:
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
Volume:
17
ISSN:
1662-5161
Format(s):
Medium: X
Sponsoring Org:
National Science Foundation
More Like this
  1. ; (, The Journal of Neuroscience)
    Error monitoring is an essential human ability underlying learning and metacognition. In the time domain, humans possess a remarkable ability to learn and adapt to temporal intervals, yet the neural mechanisms underlying this are not well understood. Recently, we demonstrated that humans exhibit improvements in sensorimotor time estimates when given the chance to incorporate feedback from a previous trial (Bader and Wiener, 2021), suggesting that humans are metacognitively aware of their own timing errors. To test the neural basis of this metacognitive ability, human participants of both sexes underwent fMRI while they performed a visual temporal reproduction task with randomized suprasecond intervals (1.5-6s). Crucially, each trial was repeated following feedback, allowing a “re-do” to learn from the successes or errors in the initial trial. Behaviorally, we replicated our previous finding that subjects improve their performance on re-do trials despite the feedback being temporally uninformative (i.e. early or late). For neuroimaging, we observed a dissociation between estimating and reproducing time intervals, with the former more likely to engage regions associated with the default mode network (DMN), including the superior frontal gyri, precuneus, and posterior cingulate, whereas the latter activated regions associated traditionally with the “Timing Network” (TN), including the supplementary motor area (SMA), precentral gyrus, and right supramarginal gyrus. Notably, greater DMN involvement was observed in Re-do trials. Further, the extent of the DMN was greater on re-do trials, whereas for the TN it was more constrained. Finally, Task-based connectivity between these networks demonstrated higher inter-network correlation on initial trials, but primarily when estimating trials, whereas on re-do trials communication was higher during reproduction. Overall, these results suggest the DMN and TN work in concert to mediate subjective awareness of one’s sense of time for the purpose of improving timing performance. Significance StatementA finely tuned sense of time perception is imperative for everyday motor actions (e.g., hitting a baseball). Timing self-regulation requires correct assessment and updating duration estimates if necessary. Using a modified version of a classical task of time measurement, we explored the neural regions involved in error detection, time awareness, and learning to time. Reinforcing the role of the SMA in measuring temporal information and providing evidence of co-activation with the DMN, this study demonstrates that the brain overlays sensorimotor timing with a metacognitive awareness of its passage. 
    more » « less
  2. ; ; ; ; (, eLife)
    Response inhibition in humans is important to avoid undesirable behavioral action consequences. Neuroimaging and lesion studies point to a locus of inhibitory control in the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG). Electrophysiology studies have implicated a downstream event-related potential from rIFG, the fronto-central P300, as a putative neural marker of the success and timing of inhibition over behavioral responses. However, it remains to be established whether rIFG effectively drives inhibition and which aspect of P300 activity uniquely indexes inhibitory control—ERP timing or amplitude. Here, we dissect the connection between rIFG and P300 for inhibition by using transcranial-focused ultrasound (tFUS) to target rIFG of human subjects while they performed a Stop-Signal task. By applying tFUS simultaneously with different task events, we found behavioral inhibition was improved, but only when applied to rIFG simultaneously with a ‘stop’ signal. Improved inhibition through tFUS to rIFG was indexed by faster stopping times that aligned with significantly shorter N200/P300 onset latencies. In contrast, P300 amplitude was modulated during tFUS across all groups without a paired change in behavior. Using tFUS, we provide evidence for a causal connection between anatomy, behavior, and electrophysiology underlying response inhibition. 
    more » « less
  3. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; (, Developmental Psychobiology)
    Abstract Decades of research underscore the profound impact of adversity on brain and behavioral development. Recent theoretical models have highlighted the importance of considering specific features of adversity that may have dissociable effects at distinct developmental timepoints. However, existing measures do not query these dimensions in sufficient detail to support the proliferation of this approach. The Dimensional Inventory of Stress and Trauma Across the Lifespan (DISTAL) was developed with the aim to thoroughly and retrospectively assess the timing, severity (of exposure and reaction), type, persons involved, controllability, predictability, threat, deprivation, proximity, betrayal, and discrimination inherent in an individual's exposure to adversity. Here, we introduce this instrument, present descriptive statistics drawn from a sample ofN = 187 adults who completed the DISTAL, and provide initial information about its psychometric properties. This novel measure facilitates the expansion of research focused on assessing the relative impact of exposure to key dimensions of adversity on the brain and behavior across development. 
    more » « less
  4. ; ; ; ; ; ; (, Angewandte Chemie)
    Abstract The trichromium cluster (tbsL)Cr3(thf) ([tbsL]6−=[1,3,5‐C6H9(NC6H4‐o‐NSitBuMe2)3]6−) exhibits steric‐ and solvation‐controlled reactivity with organic azides to form three distinct products: reaction of (tbsL)Cr3(thf) with benzyl azide forms a symmetrized bridging imido complex (tbsL)Cr3(μ3‐NBn); reaction with mesityl azide in benzene affords a terminally bound imido complex (tbsL)Cr3(μ1‐NMes); whereas the reaction with mesityl azide in THF leads to terminal N‐atom excision from the azide to yield the nitride complex (tbsL)Cr3(μ3‐N). The reactivity of this complex demonstrates the ability of the cluster‐templating ligand to produce a well‐defined polynuclear transition metal cluster that can access distinct single‐site and cooperative reactivity controlled by either substrate steric demands or reaction media. 
    more » « less
  5. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; et al (, Science)
    Perceptual experiences may arise from neuronal activity patterns in mammalian neocortex. We probed mouse neocortex during visual discrimination using a red-shifted channelrhodopsin (ChRmine, discovered through structure-guided genome mining) alongside multiplexed multiphoton-holography (MultiSLM), achieving control of individually specified neurons spanning large cortical volumes with millisecond precision. Stimulating a critical number of stimulus-orientation-selective neurons drove widespread recruitment of functionally related neurons, a process enhanced by (but not requiring) orientation-discrimination task learning. Optogenetic targeting of orientation-selective ensembles elicited correct behavioral discrimination. Cortical layer–specific dynamics were apparent, as emergent neuronal activity asymmetrically propagated from layer 2/3 to layer 5, and smaller layer 5 ensembles were as effective as larger layer 2/3 ensembles in eliciting orientation discrimination behavior. Population dynamics emerging after optogenetic stimulation both correctly predicted behavior and resembled natural internal representations of visual stimuli at cellular resolution over volumes of cortex. 
    more » « less
  • Citation Formats
  • MLA
  • APA
  • Chicago
  • BibTeX
  • Save / Share this Record
  • Send to Email