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Abstract Peat mosses (Sphagnumspp.) are keystone species in boreal peatlands, where they dominate net primary productivity and facilitate the accumulation of carbon in thick peat deposits.Sphagnummosses harbor a diverse assemblage of microbial partners, including N2‐fixing (diazotrophic) and CH4‐oxidizing (methanotrophic) taxa that support ecosystem function by regulating transformations of carbon and nitrogen. Here, we investigate the response of theSphagnumphytobiome (plant + constituent microbiome + environment) to a gradient of experimental warming (+0°C to +9°C) and elevated CO2(+500 ppm) in an ombrotrophic peatland in northern Minnesota (USA). By tracking changes in carbon (CH4, CO2) and nitrogen (NH4‐N) cycling from the belowground environment up toSphagnumand its associated microbiome, we identified a series of cascading impacts to theSphagnumphytobiome triggered by warming and elevated CO2. Under ambient CO2, warming increased plant‐available NH4‐N in surface peat, excess N accumulated inSphagnumtissue, and N2fixation activity decreased. Elevated CO2offset the effects of warming, disrupting the accumulation of N in peat andSphagnumtissue. Methane concentrations in porewater increased with warming irrespective of CO2treatment, resulting in a ~10× rise in methanotrophic activity withinSphagnumfrom the +9°C enclosures. Warming's divergent impacts on diazotrophy and methanotrophy caused these processes to become decoupled at warmer temperatures, as evidenced by declining rates of methane‐induced N2fixation and significant losses of keystone microbial taxa. In addition to changes in theSphagnummicrobiome, we observed ~94% mortality ofSphagnumbetween the +0°C and +9°C treatments, possibly due to the interactive effects of warming on N‐availability and competition from vascular plant species. Collectively, these results highlight the vulnerability of theSphagnumphytobiome to rising temperatures and atmospheric CO2concentrations, with significant implications for carbon and nitrogen cycling in boreal peatlands.
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Temperature and CO2 interactively drive shifts in the compositional and functional structure of peatland protist communities
Abstract Microbes affect the global carbon cycle that influences climate change and are in turn influenced by environmental change. Here, we use data from a long‐term whole‐ecosystem warming experiment at a boreal peatland to answer how temperature and CO2jointly influence communities of abundant, diverse, yet poorly understood, non‐fungi microbial Eukaryotes (protists). These microbes influence ecosystem function directly through photosynthesis and respiration, and indirectly, through predation on decomposers (bacteria and fungi). Using a combination of high‐throughput fluid imaging and 18S amplicon sequencing, we report large climate‐induced, community‐wide shifts in the community functional composition of these microbes (size, shape, and metabolism) that could alter overall function in peatlands. Importantly, we demonstrate a taxonomic convergence but a functional divergence in response to warming and elevated CO2with most environmental responses being contingent on organismal size: warming effects on functional composition are reversed by elevated CO2and amplified in larger microbes but not smaller ones. These findings show how the interactive effects of warming and rising CO2levels could alter the structure and function of peatland microbial food webs—a fragile ecosystem that stores upwards of 25% of all terrestrial carbon and is increasingly threatened by human exploitation.
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- PAR ID:
- 10576224
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley-Blackwell
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Global Change Biology
- Volume:
- 30
- Issue:
- 3
- ISSN:
- 1354-1013
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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