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1. Fine-tuned thin-plate spline motion model for manipulating social information in paper-wasp colonies

   Hatfield, Kacy M; Ezenyilimba, Akuadasuo; Verma, Nitin; García_Mesa, Juan_José; Moon, So_Eun; Tibbetts, Elizabeth; Turaga, Pavan K; Pavlic, Theodore P (June 2024, 2024 Computer Vision for Animal Behavior Tracking and Modeling (CV4Animals at CVPR 2024))

   Waldmann, Urs; Wu, Shangzhe; Yang, Gengshan; Zamansky, Anna (Ed.)

   Several species of Polistes paper wasp are well known for their social hierarchies and the ability for individual wasps to modulate their social behaviors based on recognizable facial features of other wasps. For example, wasps that observe an aggressive social interaction between two other wasps will later behave differently toward the winner and loser of that interaction. Being able to alter the physical appearance of wasps~(e.g., with paint) has allowed for testing hypothetical roles of individual recognition in hierarchy formation, which is how researchers know that wasps are attending to faces specifically. However, these physical methods are limited in their scope. Social insects who respond to visual stimuli from other insects have been shown to give the same responses to playbacks of video recordings of those stimuli, which suggests that there may be a role for generative methods in social-insect research. Being able to computationally change the faces of individual wasps in a video recording of wasp social interactions would greatly expand the experimental toolbox of the behavioral researcher. Toward this end, we evaluate the use of an existing annotation-free model for image animation by motion transfer, the thin-plate spline motion model, for creating realistic videos that depict the face of a paper wasp performing behaviors recorded by another. Not needing to pre-define important landmarks is a strength of this method for this application space, but we find that "deep faking wasps" poses unique and non-trivial problems that still need to be solved before off-the-shelf motion transfer models can be used in the insect behavioral laboratory. 

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2. Geographic variation in individual face learning based on plasticity rather than local genetic adaptation in Polistes wasps

   https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arad100  

   Simons, Meagan; Green, II, Delbert_A; Tibbetts, Elizabeth_A; While, ed., Geoffrey (December 2023, Behavioral Ecology)

   Abstract Signals and receiver responses often vary across a species’ geographic range. Effective communication requires a match between signal and receiver response, so there is much interest in the developmental mechanisms that maintain this link. Two potential mechanisms are genetic covariance between signal and receiver response and plasticity where individuals adjust their phenotype based on their partner’s phenotype. Here, we test how plasticity contributes to geographic variation in individual face recognition in Polistes fuscatus wasps. Previous work has shown that P. fuscatus from Michigan, USA (MI) have variable facial patterns used for individual recognition, while P. fuscatus from central Pennsylvania, USA (PA) lack variable facial patterns and are unable to learn individual conspecifics. We experimentally altered rearing environment, so wasps were either reared with their own population or in a common garden with wasps from both populations. Then, we tested the wasps’ capacity to learn and remember individual conspecific faces. Consistent with previous work, MI wasps reared with MI wasps were adept at learning conspecific faces, while PA wasps reared with PA wasps were unable to learn conspecific faces. However, MI and PA wasps reared in a common garden developed similar, intermediate capacity for individual face learning. These results indicate that individual face learning in Polistes wasps is highly plastic and responsive to the social environment. Plasticity in receiver responses may be a common mechanism mediating geographic differences in non-sexual signaling systems and may play a role in maintaining links between signals and receiver responses in geographically variable communication systems. 

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3. Car expertise does not compete with face expertise during ensemble coding

   https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-020-02188-8  

   Sun, Jisoo; Gauthier, Isabel (January 2020, Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics)

   null (Ed.)

   When objects from two categories of expertise (e.g., faces and cars in dual car/face experts) are processed simultaneously, competition occurs across a variety of tasks. Here, we investigate whether competition between face and car processing also occurs during ensemble coding. The relationship between single object recognition and ensemble coding is debated, but if ensemble coding relies on the same ability as object recognition, we expect cars to interfere with ensemble coding of faces as a function of car expertise. We measured the ability to judge the variability in identity of arrays of faces, in the presence of task irrelevant distractors (cars or novel objects). On each trial, participants viewed two sequential arrays containing four faces and four distractors, judging which array was the more diverse in terms of face identity. We measured participants’ car expertise, object recognition ability, and face recognition ability. Using Bayesian statistics, we found evidence against competition as a function of car expertise during ensemble coding of faces. Face recognition ability predicted ensemble judgments for faces, regardless of the category of task-irrelevant distractors. The result suggests that ensemble coding is not susceptible to competition between different domains of similar expertise, unlike single-object recognition. 

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4. Evidence for a selective link between cooperation and individual recognition

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.032  

   Tumulty, James P; Miller, Sara E; Van_Belleghem, Steven M; Weller, Hannah I; Jernigan, Christopher M; Vincent, Sierra; Staudenraus, Regan J; Legan, Andrew W; Polnaszek, Timothy J; Uy, Floria MK; et al (December 2023, Current Biology)

   The ability to recognize others is a frequent assumption of models of the evolution of cooperation. At the same time, cooperative behavior has been proposed as a selective agent favoring the evolution of individual recognition abilities. Although theory predicts that recognition and cooperation may co-evolve, data linking recognition abilities and cooperative behavior with evidence of selection are elusive. Here, we provide evidence of a selective link between individual recognition and cooperation in the paper wasp Polistes fuscatus through a combination of clinal, common garden, and population genomics analyses. We identified latitudinal clines in both rates of cooperative nesting and color pattern diversity, consistent with a selective link between recognition and cooperation. In behavioral experiments, we replicated previous results demonstrating individual recognition in cooperative and phenotypically diverse P. fuscatus from New York. In contrast, wasps from a less cooperative and phenotypically uniform Louisiana population showed no evidence of individual recognition. In a common garden experiment, groups of wasps from northern populations formed more stable and individually biased associations, indicating that recognition facilitates group stability. The strength of recent positive selection on cognition-associated loci likely to mediate individual recognition is substantially greater in northern compared with southern P. fuscatus populations. Collectively, these data suggest that individual recognition and cooperative nesting behavior have co-evolved in P. fuscatus because recognition helps stabilize social groups. This work provides evidence of a specific cognitive phenotype under selection because of social interactions, supporting the idea that social behavior can be a key driver of cognitive evolution. 

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5. Speciation in kleptoparasites of oak gall wasps often correlates with shifts into new tree habitats, tree organs, or gall morphospace

   https://doi.org/10.1093/evolut/qpad202  

   Ward, Anna_K G; Zhang, Y Miles; Brown, Guerin E; Hippee, Alaine C; Prior, Kirsten M; Rollins, Shannon; Sierra, Nicolas; Sheikh, Sofia I; Tribull, Carly M; Forbes, Andrew A (November 2023, Evolution)

   Taylor, Scott; Zelditch, Miriam (Ed.)

   Abstract Host shifts to new plant species can drive speciation for plant-feeding insects, but how commonly do host shifts also drive diversification for the parasites of those same insects? Oak gall wasps induce galls on oak trees and shifts to novel tree hosts and new tree organs have been implicated as drivers of oak gall wasp speciation. Gall wasps are themselves attacked by many insect parasites, which must find their hosts on the correct tree species and organ, but also must navigate the morphologically variable galls with which they interact. Thus, we ask whether host shifts to new trees, organs, or gall morphologies correlate with gall parasite diversification. We delimit species and infer phylogenies for two genera of gall kleptoparasites, Synergus and Ceroptres, reared from a variety of North American oak galls. We find that most species were reared from galls induced by just one gall wasp species, and no parasite species was reared from galls of more than four species. Most kleptoparasite divergence events correlate with shifts to non-ancestral galls. These shifts often involved changes in tree habitat, gall location, and gall morphology. Host shifts are thus implicated in driving diversification for both oak gall wasps and their kleptoparasitic associates. 

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