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Phytoplankton blooms in the Arctic marginal ice zone (MIZ) can be prolific dimethylsulfide (DMS) producers, thereby influencing regional aerosol formation and cloud radiative forcing. Here we describe the distribution of DMS and its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) across the Baffin Bay receding ice edge in early summer 2016. Overall, DMS and total DMSP (DMSPt) increased towards warmer waters of Atlantic origin concurrently with more advanced ice-melt and bloom stages. Relatively high DMS and DMSPt (medians of 6.3 and 70 nM, respectively) were observed in the surface layer (0–9 m depth), and very high values (reaching 74 and 524 nM, respectively) at the subsurface biomass maximum (15–30 m depth). Microscopic and pigment analyses indicated that subsurface DMS and DMSPt peaks were associated with Phaeocystis pouchetii, which bloomed in Atlantic-influenced waters and reached unprecedented biomass levels in Baffin Bay. In surface waters, DMS concentrations and DMS:DMSPt ratios were higher in the MIZ (medians of 12 nM and 0.15, respectively) than in fully ice-covered or ice-free conditions, potentially associated with enhanced phytoplanktonic DMSP release and bacterial DMSP cleavage (high dddP:dmdA gene ratios). Mean sea–air DMS fluxes (micromol m–2 d–1) increased from 0.3 in ice-covered waters to 10 in open waters (maximum of 26) owing to concurrent trends in near-surface DMS concentrations and physical drivers of gas exchange. Using remotely sensed sea-ice coverage and a compilation of sea–air DMS flux data, we estimated that the pan-Arctic DMS emission from the MIZ was 5–13 Gg S yr–1. North of 80 oN, DMS emissions might have increased by around 10% yr–1 between 2003 and 2014, likely exceeding open-water emissions in June and July. We conclude that DMS emissions from the MIZ must be taken into account to evaluate plankton-climate feedbacks in the Arctic.
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Identifying fractal geometry in Arctic marginal ice zone dynamics
Abstract The Arctic marginal ice zone (MIZ) is the transitional region between dense pack ice and open ocean. As an increasingly important component of the polar marine environment, recent investigations have focused on changes in MIZ size and location as the climate has warmed. Fractal geometry offers a universal measure of complexity, shape, and self-similarity across scales, and a powerful tool for characterizing MIZ evolution. Here we analyze the fractal dimension of the Arctic MIZ boundary and find a pronounced seasonal cycle that is repeated almost exactly each year, with a sharp maximum in late summer. The long-term trend is slight, with a decrease of less than 2% over the satellite era, while MIZ width has increased over the same period by almost 40%. Our results have important implications for climatic and ecological processes which depend critically on MIZ geometry. We demonstrate thermodynamic feedbacks through statistical analysis and provide context for future applications.
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- PAR ID:
- 10579012
- Publisher / Repository:
- IOP Publishing
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Environmental Research Letters
- Volume:
- 20
- Issue:
- 4
- ISSN:
- 1748-9326
- Format(s):
- Medium: X Size: Article No. 044031
- Size(s):
- Article No. 044031
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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