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Soot or black carbons are combustion-generated carbonaceous nanoparticles formed during the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. The complexity of hydrocarbon systems often makes it difficult to investigate the fundamentals of soot formation experimentally. To address this, this study uses reactive molecular dynamics simulations with reactive force field (ReaxFF) potentials. The current work focuses on the formation and evolution of soot during acetylene pyrolysis. The analysis provides insights into the physicochemical aspects of soot formation and the maturation of incipient soot particles. In this work, we focus on the evolution and interdependence of features such as the number of carbon atoms, number of aromatic rings, mass, C/H ratio, the radius of gyration, atomic fractal dimension, surface area, volume, and density. Based on the physicochemical features, two distinct classes of nascent soot can be observed. These are termed type-1 and type-2 particles. The type-1 particles show significant morphological evolution, while the type-2 particles show chemical restructuring without significantly changing the morphology. Qualitative correlations of various degrees are also observed between some of these morphological features.
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This content will become publicly available on January 1, 2026
Investigation of soot precursor molecules during inception by acetylene pyrolysis using reactive molecular dynamics
Abstract. Soot inception by acetylene pyrolysis at 1350–1800 K is investigated using reactive molecular dynamics. The composition and chemical structure of soot precursor molecules formed during inception are elucidated. During soot inception, increasing the process temperature leads to faster depletion of C2H2 molecules and faster formation of C2H3, C2H4, C2H6, CH4, and C2 with the concurrent appearance of H2 molecules. Small molecules consisting of 1–5 C atoms (C1–C5) are formed due to reactive collisions and grow further to larger hydrocarbon compounds consisting of 6–10 C atoms. At initial stages of inception, prior to the formation of incipient soot, three-member rings are formed, which are associated with the formation of compounds with fewer than 10 C atoms. Once incipient soot is formed, the number of C1–C10 compounds and the number of three-member rings drop, while the number of five- and six-member rings increases, indicating that the formation of larger rings is associated with the growth of soot clusters. The chemical structure of soot precursor molecules obtained by bond order analysis reveals that molecules with up to 10 C atoms are either linear or branched aliphatic compounds or may contain three-member rings fused with aliphatic components. Molecules with more than 10 C atoms often exhibit structures composed of five- or six-member C rings, decorated by aliphatic components. The identification of molecular precursors contributing to soot inception provides crucial insights into soot formation mechanisms, pinpointing potential pathways of soot formation during combustion.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2144290
- PAR ID:
- 10584350
- Publisher / Repository:
- Copernicus Publications
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Aerosol Research
- Volume:
- 3
- Issue:
- 1
- ISSN:
- 2940-3391
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 185 to 203
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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