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Abstract A rapid and facile approach to predictably control integration between two materials with divergent properties is introduced. Programmed integration between photopolymerizable soft and stiff hydrogels is investigated due to their promise in applications such as tissue engineering where heterogeneous properties are often desired. The spatial control afforded by grayscale 3D printing is leveraged to define regions at the interface that permit diffusive transport of a second material in‐filled into the 3D printed part. The printing parameters (i.e., effective exposure dose) for the resin are correlated directly to mesh size to achieve controlled diffusion. Applying this information to grayscale exposures leads to a range of distances over which integration is achieved with high fidelity. A prescribed finite distance of integration between soft and stiff hydrogels leads to a 33% increase in strain to failure under tensile testing and eliminates failure at the interface. The feasibility of this approach is demonstrated in a layer‐by‐layer 3D printed part fabricated by stereolithography, which is subsequently infilled with a soft hydrogel containing osteoblastic cells. In summary, this approach holds promise for applications where integration of multiple materials and living cells is needed by allowing precise control over integration and reducing mechanical failure at contrasting material interfaces.
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Reprocessable and Mechanically Tailored Soft Architectures Through 3D Printing of Elastomeric Block Copolymers
Abstract Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) are nanostructured, melt‐processable, elastomeric block copolymers. When TPEs that form cylindrical or lamellar nanostructures are macroscopically oriented, their material properties can exhibit several orders of magnitude of anisotropy. Here it is demonstrated that the flows applied during the 3D printing of a cylinder‐forming TPE enable hierarchical control over material nanostructure and function. It is demonstrated that 3D printing allows for control over the extent of nanostructural and mechanical anisotropy and that thermal annealing of 3D printed structures leads to highly anisotropic properties (up to 85 × anisotropic tensile modulus). This approach is leveraged to print functional soft 3D architectures with tunable local and macroscopic mechanical responses. Further, these printed TPEs intrinsically achieve melt‐reprocessability over multiple cycles, reprogrammability, and robust self‐healing via a brief period of thermal annealing, enabling facile fabrication of highly tunable, robust, and recyclable soft architectures.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2011750
- PAR ID:
- 10585856
- Publisher / Repository:
- Advanced Functional Materials
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Advanced Functional Materials
- Volume:
- 34
- Issue:
- 48
- ISSN:
- 1616-301X
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202411812
