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This content will become publicly available on January 1, 2026

Title: Safe Human-UAS Collaboration From High-Level Planning to Low-Level Tracking
Award ID(s):
2133690
PAR ID:
10587117
Author(s) / Creator(s):
Publisher / Repository:
IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering
Date Published:
Journal Name:
IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering
Volume:
22
ISSN:
1545-5955
Page Range / eLocation ID:
7132 to 7144
Format(s):
Medium: X
Sponsoring Org:
National Science Foundation
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  1. Certainty and uncertainty are fundamental to science communication. Hedges have widely been used as proxies for uncertainty. However, certainty is a complex construct, with authors expressing not only the degree but the type and aspects of uncertainty in order to give the reader a certain impression of what is known. Here, we introduce a new study of certainty that models both the level and the aspects of certainty in scientific findings. Using a new dataset of 2167 annotated scientific findings, we demonstrate that hedges alone account for only a partial explanation of certainty. We show that both the overall certainty and individual aspects can be predicted with pre-trained language models, providing a more complete picture of the author’s intended communication. Downstream analyses on 431K scientific findings from news and scientific abstracts demonstrate that modeling sentence-level and aspect-level certainty is meaningful for areas like science communication. Both the model and datasets used in this paper are released at https://blablablab.si.umich.edu/projects/certainty/. 
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