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1. A single Prochlorococcus ecotype dominates the tropical Bay of Bengal with ultradian growth

   https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.16605  

   Grone, Jonathan; Poirier, Camille; Abbott, Kathleen; Wittmers, Fabian; Jaeger, Gualtiero Spiro; Mahadevan, Amala; Worden, Alexandra Z (March 2024, Environmental Microbiology)

   The Bay of Bengal (BoB) spans >2.2 million km²in the northeastern Indian Ocean and is bordered by dense populations that depend upon its resources. Over recent decades, a shift from larger phytoplankton to picoplankton has been reported, yet the abundance, activity, and composition of primary producer communities are not well‐characterized. We analysed the BoB regions during the summer monsoon.Prochlorococcusranged up to 3.14 × 10⁵cells mL⁻¹in the surface mixed layer, averaging 1.74 ± 0.46 × 10⁵in the upper 10 m and consistently higher thanSynechococcusand eukaryotic phytoplankton. V1‐V2 rRNA gene amplicon analyses showed the High Light II (HLII) ecotype formed 98 ± 1% ofProchlorococcusamplicons in surface waters, comprising six oligotypes, with the dominant oligotype accounting for 65 ± 4% of HLII. Diel sampling of a coherent water mass demonstrated evening onset of cell division and rapidProchlorococcusgrowth between 1.5 and 3.1 div day⁻¹, based on cell cycle analysis, as confirmed by abundance‐based estimates of 2.1 div day⁻¹. Accumulation ofProchlorococcusproduced by ultradian growth was restricted by high loss rates. Alongside prior Arabian Sea and tropical Atlantic rates, our results indicateProchlorococcusgrowth rates should be reevaluated with greater attention to latitudinal zones and influences on contributions to global primary production. 

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2. Selective Uptake of Pelagic Microbial Community Members by Caribbean Reef Corals

   https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.03175-20  

   Hoadley, Kenneth D.; Hamilton, Maria; Poirier, Camille L.; Choi, Chang Jae; Yung, Cheuk-Man; Worden, Alexandra Z. (April 2021, Applied and Environmental Microbiology)

   Johnson, Karyn N. (Ed.)

   ABSTRACT Coral reefs are possible sinks for microbes; however, the removal mechanisms at play are not well understood. Here, we characterize pelagic microbial groups at the CARMABI reef (Curaçao) and examine microbial consumption by three coral species: Madracis mirabilis , Porites astreoides , and Stephanocoenia intersepta . Flow cytometry analyses of water samples collected from a depth of 10 m identified 6 microbial groups: Prochlorococcus , three groups of Synechococcus , photosynthetic eukaryotes, and heterotrophic bacteria. Minimum growth rates (μ) for Prochlorococcus , all Synechococcus groups, and photosynthetic eukaryotes were 0.55, 0.29, and 0.45 μ day −1 , respectively, and suggest relatively high rates of productivity despite low nutrient conditions on the reef. During a series of 5-h incubations with reef corals performed just after sunset or prior to sunrise, reductions in the abundance of photosynthetic picoeukaryotes, Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus cells, were observed. Of the three Synechococcus groups, one decreased significantly during incubations with each coral and the other two only with M. mirabilis. Removal of carbon from the water column is based on coral consumption rates of phytoplankton and averaged between 138 ng h −1 and 387 ng h −1 , depending on the coral species. A lack of coral-dependent reduction in heterotrophic bacteria, differences in Synechococcus reductions, and diurnal variation in reductions of Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus , coinciding with peak cell division, point to selective feeding by corals. Our study indicates that bentho-pelagic coupling via selective grazing of microbial groups influences carbon flow and supports heterogeneity of microbial communities overlying coral reefs. IMPORTANCE We identify interactions between coral grazing behavior and the growth rates and cell abundances of pelagic microbial groups found surrounding a Caribbean reef. During incubation experiments with three reef corals, reductions in microbial cell abundance differed according to coral species and suggest specific coral or microbial mechanisms are at play. Peaks in removal rates of Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus cyanobacteria appear highest during postsunset incubations and coincide with microbial cell division. Grazing rates and effort vary across coral species and picoplankton groups, possibly influencing overall microbial composition and abundance over coral reefs. For reef corals, use of such a numerically abundant source of nutrition may be advantageous, especially under environmentally stressful conditions when symbioses with dinoflagellate algae break down. 

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3. Net Community Production and Inorganic Carbon Cycling in the Central Irminger Sea

   https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC021027  

   Yoder, M F; Palevsky, H I; Fogaren, K E (July 2024, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans)

   Abstract The subpolar North Atlantic plays an outsized role in the atmosphere‐to‐ocean carbon sink. The central Irminger Sea is home to well‐documented deep winter convection and high phytoplankton production, which drive strong seasonal and interannual variability in regional carbon cycling. We use observational data from moored carbonate chemistry system sensors and annual turn‐around cruise samples at the Ocean Observatories Initiative's Irminger Sea Array to construct a near‐continuous time series of mixed layer total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC),pCO₂, and total alkalinity from summer 2015 to summer 2022. We use these carbonate chemistry system time series to deconvolve the physical and biological drivers of surface ocean carbon cycling in this region on seasonal, annual, and interannual time scales. We find high annual net community production within the seasonally varying mixed layer, averaging 9.8 ± 1.6 mol m⁻² yr⁻¹with high interannual variability (range of 6.0–13.9 mol m⁻² yr⁻¹). The highest daily net community production rates occur during the late winter and early spring, prior to the observed high chlorophyll concentrations associated with the spring phytoplankton bloom. As a result, the winter and early spring play a much larger role in biological carbon export from the mixed layer than traditionally thought. 

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4. Phytoplankton biomass responses to a marine heat wave align with altered nitracline depth

   https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12624  

   Landry, Michael R; Freibott, Alexandra L; Beatty, Jennifer L; Selph, Karen E (July 2024, Limnology and Oceanography)

   Abstract The 2014–2015 warm anomaly (aka “the Blob”), the largest of periodic and intensifying marine heat wave (MHW) perturbations in the northeast Pacific, may provide some insight about the future warmer ocean. Here, we use mixed‐layer carbon estimates for total phytoplankton, major size classes and functional groups from 45 CalCOFI cruises to: (1) compare 2014–2015 MHW impacts in the southern California Current System to baseline estimates from 2004 to 2013 and (2) to test a space‐for‐time exchange hypothesis that links biomass structure to variability of nitracline depth (NCD). Seasonal and inshore‐offshore analyses from nine stations revealed almost uniform 2°C MHW warming extending 700 km seaward, fourfold to sixfold declines in nitrate concentration and 18‐m deeper NCDs. Phytoplankton C decreased 16–21% compared to 45–65% for Chla, with the threefold difference due to altered C : Chla. Among size classes, percent composition of nanoplankton decreased and picophytoplankton increased, driven by higherProchlorococcusbiomass, whileSynechococcusand picoeukaryotes generally declined. Diatom and dinoflagellate C decreased in both onshore and offshore waters. Seasonally, the MHW delayed the normal winter refresh of surface nitrate, resulting in depressed stocks of total phytoplankton and nanoplankton,Synechococcusand picoeukaryotes during winter. Consistent with the space‐for‐time hypothesis, biomass variations for baseline and MHW cruises followed similar (not significantly different) slope relationships to NCD. All biomass components, exceptProchlorococcus, were negatively related to NCD, and community biomass structure realigned according to regression slopes differences with NCD variability. Empirically derived biomass‐NCD relationships could be useful for calibrating models that explore future food‐web impacts in this coastal upwelling system. 

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5. Seasonal and spatial transitions in phytoplankton assemblages spanning estuarine to open ocean waters of the tropical Pacific

   https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.70075  

   Tucker, Sarah J; Rii, Yoshimi M; Freel, Kelle C; Kotubetey, Keliʻiahonui; Kawelo, A Hiʻilei; Winter, Kawika B; Rappé, Michael S (May 2025, Limnology and Oceanography)

   Abstract Islands in the tropical Pacific supply elevated nutrients to nearshore waters that enhance phytoplankton biomass and create hotspots of productivity in otherwise nutrient‐poor oceans. Despite the importance of these hotspots in supporting nearshore food webs, the spatial and temporal variability of phytoplankton enhancement and changes in the underlying phytoplankton communities across nearshore to open ocean systems remain poorly understood. In this study, a combination of flow cytometry, pigment analyses, 16S rRNA gene amplicons, and metagenomic sequencing provides a synoptic view of phytoplankton dynamics over a 4‐yr, near‐monthly time series across coastal Kāneʻohe Bay, Hawaiʻi, spanning from an estuarine Indigenous aquaculture system to the adjacent offshore environment. Through comparisons with measurements taken at Station ALOHA located in the oligotrophic North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, we observed a sharp and persistent transition between picocyanobacterial communities, fromSynechococcusclade II abundant in the nearshore toProchlorococcushigh‐light adapted clade II (HLII) proliferating in offshore and open ocean waters. In comparison to immediately adjacent offshore waters and the surrounding open ocean, phytoplankton biomass within Kāneʻohe Bay was dramatically elevated. Members of the phytoplankton community revealed strong seasonal patterns, while nearshore phytoplankton biomass positively correlated with wind speed, rainfall, and wind direction, and not water temperatures. These findings elucidate the spatiotemporal dynamics underlying transitions in ocean biogeochemistry and phytoplankton dynamics across estuarine to open ocean waters in the tropical Pacific and provide a foundation for quantifying deviations from baseline conditions due to ongoing climate change. 

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