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Summary Grasses are exceptionally productive, yet their hydraulic adaptation is paradoxical. Among C3grasses, a high photosynthetic rate (Aarea) may depend on higher vein density (Dv) and hydraulic conductance (Kleaf). However, the higherDvof C4grasses suggests a hydraulic surplus, given their reduced need for highKleafresulting from lower stomatal conductance (gs).Combining hydraulic and photosynthetic physiological data for diverse common garden C3and C4species with data for 332 species from the published literature, and mechanistic modeling, we validated a framework for linkages of photosynthesis with hydraulic transport, anatomy, and adaptation to aridity.C3and C4grasses had similarKleafin our common garden, but C4grasses had higherKleafthan C3species in our meta‐analysis. Variation inKleafdepended on outside‐xylem pathways. C4grasses have highKleaf : gs, which modeling shows is essential to achieve their photosynthetic advantage.Across C3grasses, higherAareawas associated with higherKleaf, and adaptation to aridity, whereas for C4species, adaptation to aridity was associated with higherKleaf : gs. These associations are consistent with adaptation for stress avoidance.Hydraulic traits are a critical element of evolutionary and ecological success in C3and C4grasses and are crucial avenues for crop design and ecological forecasting.
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This content will become publicly available on January 1, 2026
Barrier layer design reduces top electrode ion migration in perovskite solar cells
We report on an examination of mobile ion concentration (N0) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) as a function of temperature and device architecture.
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- PAR ID:
- 10592223
- Publisher / Repository:
- EES Solar
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- EES Solar
- ISSN:
- 3033-4063
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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