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Understanding the effect of hydrodynamics on aggregate size and structure is key to predicting mass transport in the aquatic environment. Aggregation theory of particles is well established but our knowledge of deformation processes, biological bonding forces, and their effects on fragmentation of aquatic aggregates is still limited. To better comprehend fragmentation processes and adhesion forces we implemented breakup experiments with diatom and microplastic aggregates made in the laboratory. We captured a substantial number of events showing deformation and subsequent fragmentation of these aggregates in an oscillatory shear flow. Polystyrene and polyethylene aggregates showed distinct fragmentation strengths and provided comparative upper and lower limits to the biological bonding strength of the diatom aggregates. Additionally, we employed a force balance model to evaluate attractive interactions within clusters of particles using the Lagrangian stress history and morphology. We found that the fractal structures of aggregates led to a power law of breakup strength with size and that time-integrated stress governed the overall fragmentation process. We also found that the weakening of the aggregates through deformation with shear exposure enabled their disaggregation at very low shear rates typical of the ocean environment.
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This content will become publicly available on February 1, 2026
Sink or break: Oil increases resistance of phytoplankton aggregates to fragmentation
Abstract Fragmentation of marine snow affects the downward flux of organic matter, and other aggregate‐associated compounds such as oil. Using phytoplankton aggregates, we demonstrate that marine snow with oil, termed marine oil snow, had a higher resistance to fragmentation compared to marine snow without oil when exposed to turbulence ex situ. At moderate shear levels, typical of the ocean mixed layer, 17% of marine snow without oil broke, whereas 63% of marine snow fragmented at intermediate shear. In contrast, only 17% and 33% of marine oil snow fragmented at the intermediate and highest shear levels, respectively. Our results suggest that oil increases the cohesion and stability of aggregates making them less susceptible to breaking. This work contributes toward explaining the exceptional oil sedimentation event following the 2010 spill in Gulf of Mexico. It also enhances our understanding of the factors that determine the probability of sinking aggregates to fragment.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2241045
- PAR ID:
- 10592580
- Publisher / Repository:
- Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Limnology and Oceanography Letters
- Volume:
- 10
- Issue:
- 1
- ISSN:
- 2378-2242
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 73 to 81
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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