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Abstract Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) is a key ecological process whose impact depends on the strategy of SNF regulation—the degree to which rates of SNF change in response to limitation by N versus other resources. SNF that is obligate or exhibits incomplete downregulation can result in excess N fixation, whereas a facultative SNF strategy does not. We hypothesized that tree‐based SNF strategies differed by latitude (tropical vs. temperate) and symbiotic type (actinorhizal vs. rhizobial). Specifically, we expected tropical rhizobial symbioses to display strongly facultative SNF as an explanation of their success in low‐latitude forests. In this study we used15N isotope dilution field experiments in New York, Oregon, and Hawaii to determine SNF strategies in six N‐fixing tree symbioses. Nitrogen fertilization with +10 and +15 g N m−2 year−1for 4–5 years alleviated N limitation in all taxa, paving the way to determine SNF strategies. Contrary to our hypothesis, all six of the symbioses we studied sustained SNF even at high N.Robinia pseudoacacia(temperate rhizobial) fixed 91% of its N (%Ndfa) in controls, compared to 64% and 59% in the +10 and +15 g N m−2 year−1treatments. ForAlnus rubra(temperate actinorhizal), %Ndfawas 95%, 70%, and 60%. For the tropical species, %Ndfawas 86%, 80%, and 82% forGliricidia sepium(rhizobial); 79%, 69%, and 67% forCasuarina equisetifolia(actinorhizal); 91%, 42%, and 67% forAcacia koa(rhizobial); and 60%, 51%, and 19% forMorella faya(actinorhizal). Fertilization with phosphorus did not stimulate tree growth or SNF. These results suggest that the latitudinal abundance distribution of N‐fixing trees is not caused by a shift in SNF strategy. They also help explain the excess N in many forests where N fixers are common.
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Time lags in the regulation of symbiotic nitrogen fixation
Summary Theory has shown that time lags in the regulation of symbiotic nitrogen (N) fixation (SNF) can be important to the competitive dynamics and ecosystem consequences of N‐fixing trees, but measurements of these time lags are lacking.Here, we used a novel method to measure SNF in seedlings of four N‐fixing tree species that represent tropical and temperate origins and actinorhizal and rhizobial symbiotic associations, each grown under warm and cold temperature regimes. We added N to previously N‐poor pots to induce downregulation and flushed N out of previously N‐rich pots to induce upregulation.It took 31–51 d for SNF to decline by 95%, with faster downregulation in temperate species and at warm temperatures. Upregulation by 95% took 108–138 d in total, including 21–57 d after SNF was first detectable. SNF started earlier in rhizobial symbioses, but increased faster once it started in actinorhizal symbioses.These results suggest that time lags in regulating SNF represent a significant constraint on facultative SNF and can lead to large losses of available N from ecosystems, providing a resolution to the paradox of sustained N richness.
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- PAR ID:
- 10600204
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley-Blackwell
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- New Phytologist
- Volume:
- 247
- Issue:
- 4
- ISSN:
- 0028-646X
- Format(s):
- Medium: X Size: p. 1680-1693
- Size(s):
- p. 1680-1693
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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