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Abstract The body size of aquatic vertebrates is declining across populations and ecosystems worldwide owing to warmer water temperature and changing streamflow. In freshwaters, the effects of stream network position and density‐dependent factors on body size are less understood. We used an extensive dataset spanning 41 stream sites over 7 years to evaluate how density‐dependent and density‐independent factors influence the size of two top predators in small watersheds, Coastal Cutthroat TroutOncorhynchus clarkii clarkiiand Coastal Giant SalamandersDicamptodon tenebrosus. We tested three hypotheses of body‐size variation for trout and salamanders, including intraspecific density dependence, interspecific density dependence, and resource availability, using empirical observations in hierarchical linear mixed models in a model‐selection framework. In our best‐supported models, the strongest predictors of size were conspecific negative density dependence, as expected, suggesting greater intraspecific interactions probably owing to conspecific individuals having similar requirements. We reveal a biogeographic pattern in which body size peaks in middle stream‐network positions and plateaus or declines at lower and upper locations, proposing that stream network position also plays a role in determining body size in small watersheds. Salamander density also has a quadratic effect on adult trout size, with salamanders having a greater overall effect on the body size of both species than trout, suggesting that salamanders might be more dominant than trout in some interactions. Collectively, we found that biotic interactions, mainly conspecific but also interspecific, and stream‐network position affect trout and salamander body sizes in small watersheds.
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Contrasting apex predator responses to experimentally reduced flow and increased temperature in a headwater stream
Abstract Changing climate conditions are expected to cause increases in the frequency and severity of drought conditions in many areas around the world, including the Pacific Northwest region of North America. While drought impacts manifest across the landscape, headwater streams are particularly susceptible to droughts due to limited deep‐water habitats and low water volumes that allow for substantial increases in water temperature. While low volumes of water and increased stream temperature will likely affect all aquatic species to some degree, the response of different taxa to these impacts is expected to vary with differences in physiological needs and habitat preferences among species. Using a before–after control‐impact (BACI) experimental design, this study investigates how reduced streamflow and increased stream temperature affect the two dominant apex predators in headwater streams of the Pacific Northwest, coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) and coastal giant salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus). In a second‐order stream in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in OR, USA, experimental flow diversions created decoupled drought conditions of reduced streamflow and elevated temperatures. Low‐flow conditions were created by diverting water around a 100‐m stream reach and this diverted water was passively warmed before re‐entering a downstream channel to create an increased temperature reach. We compared fish and salamander abundances and stream habitat in an upstream unmanipulated reference reach to the two experimental reaches. Relative increases in temperature ranged between 0.41 and 0.63°C, reflecting realistic stream warming in this region during drought events. Trout responded positively to increased temperatures, showing an increase in abundance, biomass, condition factor, and growth, whereas salamanders responded negatively in all metrics except condition. The low‐flow reach diverted approximately 50% of the flow, resulting in a relative pool area reduction of about 20%. Relative to the reference reach, salamanders displayed a net positive abundance response while trout declined in the low‐flow reach. The contrasting responses of these populations to decoupled drought conditions suggest that interactions of flow and temperature changes together will influence drought responses of the vertebrate communities of headwater streams.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2025755
- PAR ID:
- 10603112
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Ecosphere
- Volume:
- 16
- Issue:
- 6
- ISSN:
- 2150-8925
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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