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Abstract Regional patterns of sea level rise are affected by a range of factors including glacial melting, which has occurred in recent decades and is projected to increase in the future, perhaps dramatically. Previous modeling studies have typically included fluxes from melting glacial ice only as a surface forcing of the ocean or as an offline addition to the sea surface height fields produced by climate models. However, observational estimates suggest that the majority of the meltwater from the Antarctic Ice Sheet actually enters the ocean at depth through ice shelf basal melt. Here we use simulations with an ocean general circulation model in an idealized configuration. The results show that the simulated global sea level change pattern is sensitive to the depth at which Antarctic meltwater enters the ocean. Further analysis suggests that the response is dictated primarily by the steric response to the depth of the meltwater flux.
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A theory for how the depth of meltwater injection impacts regional sea level evolution
Abstract Mass loss from the Antarctic ice sheet is projected to continue over the coming century. The resultant sea level change will have a regional pattern that evolves over time as the ocean adjusts. Accurate estimation of this evolution is crucial for local communities. Current state-of-the-art climate models typically do not couple ice sheets to the atmosphere-ocean system, and the impact of ice sheet melt has often been studied by injecting meltwater at the model ocean surface. However, observational evidence suggests that most Antarctic meltwater enters the ocean at depth through ice shelf basal melt. A previous study has demonstrated that the regional sea level pattern at a given time depends on meltwater injection depth. Here, we introduce a 2.5-layer model to investigate this dependence and develop a theory for the associated adjustment mechanisms. We find mechanisms consistent with previous literature on the ocean adjustment to changes in forcing, whereby a slower Rossby wave response off the eastern boundary follows a fast response from the western boundary current and Kelvin waves. We demonstrate that faster baroclinic Rossby waves near the surface than at depth explains the injection depth dependence of the adjustment in the 2.5-layer model. The identified Rossby wave mechanism may contribute to the dependence of the ocean’s transient adjustment on meltwater injection depth in more complex models. This work highlights processes that could cause errors in the projection of the time-varying pattern of sea level rise using surface meltwater input to represent Antarctica’s freshwater forcing.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2048576
- PAR ID:
- 10608797
- Publisher / Repository:
- American Meteorological Society
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Physical Oceanography
- ISSN:
- 0022-3670
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-24-0153.1
